THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

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OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIVERSIDE 


CHARLES  E.  WEAVER 
COLLECTION 


/     PIAK    4    0   11 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  GEOLOGY  AND  PALAEONTOLOGY 
OF  THE  WEST  INDIES 


FOSSIL  ECHINI  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES 

By  ROBERT  TRACY  JACKSON 
fit 

STRATIGRAPHIC  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  SPECIES 

OF  WEST  INDIAN  FOSSIL  ECHINI 

By  THOMAS  WAYLAND  VAUGHAN 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 
WASHINGTON,  1922 


CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 

PUBLICATION  No.  306 


Copies  of  this  book 

were  first  issued 

FEB  15  1922 


CONDE  NAST  PRESS      GREENWICH,  CONN. 


CONTENTS. 


FOSSIL  ECHINI  OF  THE 

WEST  INDIES,  B 

PAGE 

.       .               1               Si/Off 

Geographical  and  Geological  Distribution 
Cuba    
Jamaica    
Dominican  Republic      
Porto  Rico  
Anguilla  
St.  Bartholomew    

.    .        4 
.    .        4 
.    .        5 
.    .        6 
.    .        6 
.    .        7 
.    .        8 
.    .        8 
.    .        9 
.    .      10 
.    .      10 
.    .      10 
.    .      14 
.    .      14 
.    .      14 
.    .      14 
15 

Sul 
.] 

] 
I 

Sul 
I 

I 

Guadeloupe     
Barbados     
Trinidad  
Geological  Distribution     
Systematic  Descriptions        
Order  Cidaroida     
Family  Cidaridae    
Cidaris     
C  anguillae  Cotteau 

16 

C.  foveata,  sp.  nov  
C  sp  a 

.    .      17 
.    .      18 
.    .      19 
.    .      19 
.    .      20 
.    .      21 
.    .      23 
.    .      23 
.    .      23 
.    .      23 
.    .      23 
23 

C.  sp.  b.  .    .    
C.  loveni  Cotteau  
C.  clevei  Cotteau   
C.  melitensis  Wright      
C.  tribuloides  (Lamarck)      .    .    . 
\X     Order  Centrechinoida    
Suborder  Aulodonta  
Family  Pedinidae    
Echinopedina      

Family  Hemicidaridae    

.    .      24 

Codiopsis     
C.  arnaudi  Cotteau    
Suborder  Stirodonta      
Family  Saleniidae    
Salenia     
S.  scutigera  (Miinster)       .    .    .    . 
Family  Phymosomatidae   
Phymosoma    

.    .      24 
.    .      24 
.    .      24 
.    .      24 
.    .      24 
.    .      24 
.    .      25 
.    .      25 
25 

Suborder  Camerodonta     
Family  Echinometridae      
Echinometra   
E.  prisca  Cotteau  
Order  Exocycloida     
Suborder  Holectypina   
Conulus    
C.  antillensis  (Cotteau)     .    .    .    . 

.    .     25 
.    .     25 
.    .     25 
.    .     25 
.    .     27 
.    .     27 
.    .     27 
.    .     27 
.    .     28 
.    .      28 
.    .      29 
.    .      29 
.    .      29 
.    .      29 
.    .      29 
.    .      30 
.      30 

L.  lanieri  (Cotteau)    

D.  decora  ta  Desor      

Family  Fibulariidae    
Sismondia    
S.  antillarum  Cotteau    
S.  anguillae  Cotteau   . 

Systematic  Descriptions — Continued 
Suborder  Clypeastrina — Continued 

Family  Clypeastridae 31 

Anomalanthus 31 

A.  gregoryi  Lambert 31 

Clypeaster 32 

C.  rosaceus  (Linne) 33 

C.  concavus  Cotteau *  34 

C.  caudatus,  sp.  nov 36 

C.  dalli  (Twitchell) 37 

C.  cubensis  Cotteau 37 

C.  parrae  Desmoulins 38 

C.  lanceolatus  Cotteau 38 

C.  antillarum  Cotteau 39 

C.  planipetalus  Cotteau 40 

C.  cryptopetalus,  sp.  nov 40 

C.  cotteaui  Egozcue 41 

C.  batheri  Lambert 42 

C.  parvus  Michelin 42 

C.  duchassaingi  Michelin 43 

C.  ambigenus  (Lamarck)      43 

C.  placentoides,  sp.  nov 43 

C.  meridanensis  Michelin 44 

C.  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov 44 

C.  platygaster,  sp.  nov 45 

Family  Laganidae 46 

Laganum 46 

L.  elongatum  Egozcue 47 

Peronella 47 

P.  mirabilis,  sp.  nov 47 

Family  Scutellidas      48 

Echinarachnius 48 

E.  sebastiani,  sp.  nov 48 

Encope 50 

E.  ciae  de  Cortazar 50 

E.  latus,  sp.  nov 51 

Mellita 52 

M.  sp 52 

Suborder  Spatangina 52 

Family  Echinoneidae      54 

Echinoneus      54 

E.  orbicular  is  Desor 54 

E.  cyclostomus  Leske 54 

Amblypygus 55 

A.  americanus  Desor 55 

Family  Nucleolitidae      56 

Parapygus 56 

P.  antillarum  (Cotteau) 56 

P.  parallelus  (Cotteau) 57 

Echinolampas 57 

E.  semiorbis  Guppy 58 

E.  antillarum  Cotteau 59 

E.  ovumserpentis  Guppy      60 

E.  clevei  Cotteau 63 

E.  lycopersicus  Guppy      64 

E.  castroi  Cotteau 66 


iv 

Systematic  Descriptions—  Continued. 
Suborder  Spatangina  —  Continued. 
Family  Nucleolitidae  —  Continued. 
Echinolampas  —  Continued. 
E.  anguillae  Cotteau  
Family  Plesiospatangidae      .... 
Asterostoma    
A.  excentricum  (Lamarck)    .    . 

CONTl 

PAGE 

.    .    .     66 
.    .    .     67 
.    .    .     67 
.    .    .     67 
.    .    .     67 

iNTS. 

Systei 
Sut 

F 

F 

Biblic 
Descr 

j 

68 

P  iimenoi  (Cotteau)     .... 

.    .    .     68 

Family  Echinocorythidae  
Cardiaster   

...     69 
...      69 
.    .    .     69 

Family  Hemiasteridae    
Agassizia      
A.  inflata,  sp.  nov  
A.  clevei,  Cotteau      .    .    ... 

.    .    .     70 
.    .    .     70 
.    .    .     70 
.    .    .     71 
.    .    .     72 

P.  loveni  Cotteau  
Hemiaster    
H.  cubensis  (d'Orbigny)    .    .    . 
H.  antillensis  Cotteau   .... 
H.  dewalquei  Cotteau   .... 
H.  berkeyi,  sp.  nov  
Paraster  
P.  antillarum  (Cotteau)    .    .    . 
P.  parkinsoni  (Defrance)      .    . 
P  clevei  (Cotteau)            •    •    • 

.    .    .     72 
.    .    .     73 
.    .    .     73 
.    .    .     73 
.    .    .     73 
.    .    .     73 
...     74 
.    .    .     75 
.    .    .     76 
.    .    .     76 

P.  loveni  (Cotteau)    
P.  subcylindricus  (Cotteau)      . 
P.  sp.  a  
P.  sp.  b  

.    .    .     77 
.    .    .     78 
.    .    .     79 
.    .    .     79 
...     80 

P  plnnoratiis  Cotteau 

.     80 

Systematic  Descriptions — Continued. 
Suborder  Spatangina — Continued. 
Family  Hemiasteridae — Continues 
Schizaster 

S.  scillae  Agassiz 

Family  Spatangidae 

Brissopsis 

B.  jimenoi  Cotteau    .... 

B.  atlantica  Mortensen     .    . 

B.  antillarum  Cotteau  .    .    . 
Plagiobrissus 

P.  loveni  (Cotteau)    .... 
Macropneustes 

M.  clevei  (Cotteau)   .    .    .    . 

M.  antillarum  (Cotteau)  .    . 
Brissus 

B.  brissus  (Leske)      .    .    .    . 

B.  exiguus  Cotteau    .    .    .    . 
Eupatagus 

E.  grandiflorus  (Cotteau)      . 

E.  sp.  a 

E.  clevei  (Cotteau)    .    .    .    . 

E.  antillarum  (Cotteau)    .    . 

E.  depressus,  sp.  nov.    .    .    . 

E.  abruptus  (Gregory)      .    . 

E.  cubensis  (Cotteau)    .    .    . 

E.  elegans,  sp.  nov 

E.  vaughani,  sp.  nov.    .    .    . 

E.  sp.  b 

Breynia 

B.  cubensis  Cotteau  .    .    .    . 


81 
81 
81 
81 
81 
81 
82 
83 
83 
84 
84 
85 
86 
87 
87 
88 
89 
90 
90 
91 
93 
94 
94 
94 
96 
97 
97 
97 
99 
100 


STRATIGRAPHIC  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  WEST  INDIAN  FOSSIL  ECHINI, 
BY  THOMAS  WAYLAND  VAUGHAN 


PAGE 

Recent    Papers   on    Geologic   Correlations   of 

West  Indian  Tertiary  Deposits 107 

Recent  Papers  on  West  Indian  Palaeontology  .  108 
Tentative   correlation    table   of    the  Tertiary 
Sedimentary  formations  of  Dominican  Re- 
public       109 

Cretaceous  Species 110 

Eocene  Species Ill 


PAGE 

Oligocene 112 

Middle  Oligocene 112 

Upper  Oligocene 113 

Post-Eocene  Tertiary  Echinoids  of  Cuba  .    .    .114 

Tertiary  Echinoids  from  Porto  Rico 117 

Tertiary  Echinoids  from  Barbados 119 

Miocene 119 

Post-Miocene  Echinoids 122 

Species  of  Established  Stratigraphic  Value     .   122 


1335 


FOSSIL  ECHINI  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


By  ROBERT  TRACY  JACKSON. 


With  eighteen  plates  and  six  text-figures. 


FOSSIL  ECHINI  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


INTRODUCTION. 

At  the  request  of  Dr.  T.  Way  land  Vaughn,  I  undertook  to  make  a 
study  of  and  prepare  a  report  on  the  fossil  Echini  of  the  West  Indies,  to 
form  a  part  of  his  geological  and  palaeontological  survey  of  that  region. 

I  would  express  my  deepest  obligations  to  Dr.  Hubert  Lyman  Clark, 
Curator  of  Echinoderms  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 
Cambridge,  whose  great  knowledge  of  Recent  Echini  and  whose  most 
generous  help  were  placed  constantly  at  my  disposal. 

The  species  described  or  otherwise  considered  include  Echini  from 
the  Greater  Antilles,  namely,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  the  Dominican  Republic 
in  Haiti,  and  Porto  Rico.  Also  Echini  are  described  or  listed  from  a 
number  of  islands  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  including  Anguilla,  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  and  Barbados,  also  from  the  island 
of  Trinidad  off  the  coast  of  South  America.  Besides  the  species  of 
which  I  have  had  material,  the  attempt  is  made  to  record  all  species 
previously  published  as  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies.  I  have 
recognized  89  species;  of  these,  I  have  had  specimens  of  57,  of  which  16 
are  described  as  new;  32  of  the  recognized  species  were  not  seen,  but 
in  order  to  give  completeness  they  are  included,  with  a  reference  and 
locality  but  without  description;  they  are  largely  from  Cotteau's 
Spanish  report  on  the  fossil  Echini  of  Cuba.1 

The  material  on  which  this  report  is  based  is  from  several  sources,  but 
principally  from  the  Cleve  collection  of  Echini,  now  the  property  of 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  from  the  islands  of  St.  Bartholomew  and 
Anguilla.  This  collection  is  very  important  on  account  of  its  extent  and 
also  as  being  the  basis  of  Gustave  Honore  Cotteau's  beautiful  memoir, 
"Description  des  Echinides  Tertiaires  des  Ties  St.  Barthelemy  et  An- 
guilla," published  in  1875.  Of  the  33  species  described  in  that  memoir, 
the  Cleve  collection  is  represented  in  every  species,  and  in  23  of  the 
species  the  Cleve  collection  alone  is  recorded.  What  other  material 
Cotteau  had,  as  stated  in  his  memoir,  was  from  the  museums  of  Stock- 
holm and  Upsala,  or  from  his  own  collection. 

The  late  R.  J.  Lechmere  Guppy,  of  Trinidad,  wrote  of  this  collection 
(1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad  Proc.,  part  12,  pp.  193-199)  that  in 
1868-69  Professor  P.  T.  Cleve,  of  the  University  of  Upsala,  traveled  in 
the  West  Indies  and  investigated  the  geology  and  mineralogy,  an 
account  of  which  he  published  (1871,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl., 
vol.  9,  No.  12).  Professor  Cleve  made  a  collection  of  fossils,  among 

1  For  species  not  included,  as  they  are  not  recognizable,  see  lists  by  A.  Agassiz,  Duchassaing, 
Michelin,  Desor,  and  Gregory,  referred  to  in  foot-notes,  pages  6,  9,  and  10. 


2  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

which  was  a  fine  series  of  Echinoderms  from  the  islands  of  St.  Barthol- 
omew and  Anguilla.  These  were  studied  by  M.  Cotteau,  who  dis- 
tinguished 33  species,  all  carefully  described  and  delineated  in  a  paper 
published  in  1875.  By  the  kindness  of  Professor  Cleve,  the  collection 
came  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Guppy,  who  published  brief  notes  on  it, 
Later,  it  was  purchased  with  some  other  material,  in  1893,  by  the 
United  States  National  Museum,  where  it  now  is. 

Dr.  William  H.  Ball,  through  whose  intervention  this  collection 
came  to  the  museum,  writes  that  the  specimens  were  glued  to  wooden 
tablets.  The  names,  sometimes  written  and  sometimes  printed  from 
Guppy's  publications,  were  pasted  on  the  tablets.  There  was  no  indi- 
cation of  their  locality  other  than  the  island,  as  "Trinidad,"  and  none 
as  to  whom  they  had  been  given  for  description.  Dr.  Dall  personally 
copied  the  labels  when  they  were  removed  from  the  tablets.  Some  of 
the  material  in  the  Cleve  collection  is  beautifully  preserved,  while  parts 
of  it  are  in  poor  condition. 

I  regret  to  say  that  Cotteau's  figures  were  very  freely  and  often,  it 
seemed,  unwarrantably  restored  in  making  the  drawings  from  the  speci- 
mens, so  that  structural  details  figured  may  be  quite  wanting  in  the 
specimen.  This  statement  can  be  verified  by  comparing  the  photo- 
graphic figures  with  Cotteau's  published  figures  of  the  very  same 
specimens.  The  measurements  of  specimens  often  differed  from  those 
given  in  Cotteau's  paper.  I  would  say  that  my  measurements  were 
made  with  a  steel  caliper  rule  from  the  specimens  in  Washington,  with 
Cotteau's  memoir  open  before  me,  so  that  any  discrepancies  in  measure- 
ments are  a  difference  of  observation. 

The  Cleve  collection  is  the  most  extensive  collection  of  fossil  Echini 
from  the  area  that  I  know  of.  It  was  studied  during  two  visits  to 
Washington  when  notes  were  taken  and  specimens  were  selected  for 
photographing,  which  was  done  under  the  supervision  of  Dr.  C.  Wythe 
Cooke  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  to  whom  I  would  express  the 
warmest  thanks  for  the  pains  he  took  in  this  work. 

Quite  a  large  amount  of  echinoid  material  was  collected  by  Dr.  T. 
Wayland  Vaughan  from  the  islands  of  Antigua,  Anguilla,  and  St. 
Bartholomew,  and  a  few  Echini  from  the  Dominican  Republic.  From 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  besides  several  isolated 
specimens,  was  borrowed  a  fine  lot  of  material  from  Porto  Rico,  includ- 
ing some  very  interesting  species.  This  Porto  Rican  material  was 
collected  by  Dr.  C.  A.  Reeds,  with  the  aid  of  a  field  assistant,  Mr.  Pren- 
tice B.  Hill,  while  on  an  expedition  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government,  and  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

The  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  kindly  loaned  a  few 
specimens  from  Antigua,  Cuba,  and  Trinidad.  A  few  interesting  species 
from 'Cuba  and  Jamaica  were  studied  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

ZoSlogy,  where  also  library  and  other  facilities  were  kindly  given  me 
by  the  director,  Mr.  Samuel  Henshaw. 

Of  private  collections,  Mr.  Charles  T.  Ramsden,  of  Guantanamo, 
Cuba,  loaned  some  very  choice  material  from  Cuba,  including 
Clypeaster  cotteaui,  Echinolampas  anguillce,  and  the  species  Clypeaster 
placentoides  and  Cardiaster  cubensis,  which  are  here  described  as  new. 
Dr.  Carlotta  J.  Maury,  of  Hastings-on-Hudson,  New  York,  collected 
in  the  Dominican  Republic,  in  1917,  three  choice  Echini,  Clypeaster 
dalli  and  two  specimens  of  Clypeaster  caudatus,  the  latter  here  de- 
scribed as  a  new  species.  These,  with  other  material,  she  has  kindly 
presented  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Mr.  G.  J.  Mitchell  loaned 
some  Echini  that  he  collected  in  Porto  Rico,  namely,  Clypeaster 
rosaceus  and  Hemiaster  berkeyi,  the  latter  described  as  a  new  species. 

To  these  several  institutions  and  individuals  I  would  express  warm 
thanks  for  the  loan  of  material  and  facilities  accorded  me.  To  Dr. 
T.  Wayland  Vaughan  I  would  express  very  special  obligations  for 
numerous  letters  giving  facts  in  regard  to  the  material  and  the  local- 
ities and  for  his  great  patience  under  a  protracted  research. 

Photographs  illustrating  specimens  in  the  Guppy  collection  were 
taken  in  Washington  as  above  stated.  Photographs  of  other  specimens 
were  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Saunderson  or  Mr.  E.  N.  Fischer,  both  of  Boston. 
Mr.  Saunderson  took  the  photographs  illustrating  plates  4,  6  to  8,  17, 
and  18,  also  17  photographs  scattered  through  other  plates.  Mr.  Fischer 
took  the  photographs  illustrating  plate  2,  figures  2  to  5,  plate  3,  and 
plate  1 2 ,  figure  1 .  The  few  text-figures  were  drawn  by  Mr.  J .  Henry  Blake. 

Besides  the  species  described,  there  were  in  the  various  collections 
studied  many  Echini  too  imperfect  for  identification,  but'  which 
indicate  that  in  future  the  West  Indian  fossil  fauna  of  this  group  may 
be  much  enriched  by  new  material. 

In  regard  to  new  material  turning  up,  it  is  of  interest  that  a  new 
species  of  Eupatagus  has  been  received  (too  late  to  describe  here) 
from  the  foraminiferal  limestone  (doubtless  Oligocene)  on  the  summit 
of  Bissex  Hill,  Barbados.  Collected  by  the  Honorable  A.  P.  Haynes, 
it  was  kindly  given  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  by  Sir  John  B. 
Harrison,  formerly  stationed  at  Barbados,  who  has  done  much  to 
further  science  in  the  West  Indies. 

Of  the  previously  published  records  of  fossil  Echini  occurring  in 
the  WTest  Indies,  Guppy  in  1866  published  notes  and  a  few  new  species. 
Cotteau  in  1875  described  many  new  species  from  the  islands  of  St. 
Bartholomew  and  Anguilla,  and  in  1881  and  1897  published  large 
papers  on  the  fossil  Echini  of  Cuba.  Lambert  in  1915  published  on 
a  collection  of  Echini  from  the  islands  of  Anguilla  and  Antigua.  This 
material,  which  is  in  the  British  Museum,  was  collected  by  J.  W. 
Gregory,  with  the  addition,  as  Lambert  says,  of  some  Miocene  Echini 
from  Anguilla  included  by  Bather.  Two  new  species  are  described, 


4  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Anomalanthus  gregoryi,  a  very  interesting  addition  to  the  fauna,  and 
Clypeaster  batheri.  Dr.  F.  A.  Bather,  who  kindly  sent  me  the  reference 
to  Lambert's  paper,  writes  that  Gregory  collected  in  Anguilla  and 
Antigua  in  1899.  Besides  the  above  authors,  Michelin,  Desor,  Egozcue, 
de  Cortazar,  J.  W.  Gregory,  A.  Agassiz,  and  Hill  published  descriptions 
of  species  or  lists  of  species  from  the  various  islands  of  the  West 
Indies.  As  noted  (p.  98),  Kew  in  a  paper  on  fossil  Echini  of  North- 
eastern Mexico,  records  several  of  Cotteau's  West  Indian  species  as 
occurring  in  Mexico.  Excepting  two  species,  one  an  Agassizia  and  one 
a  Macro pneustes,  I  think  the  identifications  are  mistaken. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  GEOLOGICAL  DISTRIBUTION 
OF  WEST  INDIAN  FOSSIL  ECHINI. 

In  order  to  bring  out  the  distribution  of  the  fossil  Echini  in  the 
West  Indies,  the  species  are  grouped  here  in  tabular  form,  taking 
up  the  several  islands  geographically,  and  following  with  a  table 
showing  the  geological  distribution.  Where  I  have  not  seen  specimens 
from  the  localities  as  listed,  or,  indeed,  in  many  cases,  have  not  had 
specimens  of  the  species  at  all,  the  names  are  marked  with  references 
to  foot-notes  where  the  authority  for  the  references  is  given. 

An  interesting  and  striking  fact  has  been  pointed  out  by  students  of 
other  groups  of  West  Indian  fossils,  that  the  species  in  many  cases 
bear  a  stronger  resemblance  to  Australian  and  Indo-Pacific  types 
in  the  Recent  fauna  than  they  do  to  Western  Atlantic  types.  This 
resemblance  in  the  Echini  is  noticeable  in  the  cases  of  Cidaris  peloria, 
C.  foveata,  and  Cidaris  sp.  b.  (p.  19) ;  the  same  is  true  of  Clypeaster 
oxybaphon.  The  genera  Anomalanthus,  Laganum,  Peronella,  Brissus, 
Eupatagus,  and  Breynia,  while  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies,  in  the 
living  fauna  are  essentially  Indo-Pacific  types.  The  West  Indian  fossil 
species  of  Echinolampas  are  more  like  the  Recent  Indo-Pacific  than  like 
the  living  West  Indian  species. 

At  the  close  of  this  paper,  Dr.  T.  Wayland  Vaughan  gives  a  critical 
study  of  the  stratigraphical  relations  of  the  West  Indian  fossil  Echini. 
His  extensive  knowledge  of  the  region  enables  him  to  treat  this  aspect  of 
the  subject,  whereas  it  would  be  quite  beyond  my  technical  experience. 

CUBA. 

Cuba  being  the  largest  of  the  West  Indian  islands,  and  collections 
from  there  having  been  the  most  extensively  published,  has  yielded 
many  species  of  fossil  Echini.  The  species  as  listed  are  largely  taken 
from  Cotteau's  monograph  on  the  fossil  Echini  of  Cuba,  in  which 
memoir  all  the  species  are  well  figured. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND   GEOLOGICAL   DISTRIBUTION. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Cuba. 


Species. 

Creta- 
ceous. 

Eocene. 

Oligo- 
cene. 

Miocene. 

Post- 
Miocene. 

Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck)  

X 

1  Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau  

? 

? 

1  Codiopsis  arnaudi  Cotteau  
1  Salenia  scutigera  (Miinster)  
1  Phymosoma  cubense  (Egozcue)  

X 
X 
X 

? 

? 

1  Conulus  antillensis  (Cotteau)  
Lanieria  lanieri  (Cotteau)  

X 

x 

1  Discoidea  decorata  Desor  

x 

Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau  



X 

? 

X 

x 

? 

Clypeaster  antillarum   Cotteau  

X 

1  Clypeaster  planipetalus  Cotteau  

X 

Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue  

X 

1  Clypeaster  parvus  Michelin.  . 

? 

x 

x 

? 

? 

x 

Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske  
1  Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau)  

x 

? 

? 

1  Parapygus  parallelus  (Cctteau)  . 

? 

x 

Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy.  . 

X 

x 

Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy.  .  .  . 
1  Echinolampas  castroi  Cotteau  
Echinolampas  anguillae  Cotteau  
1    ?  Asterostoma  excentricum  (Lamarck) 
1  Asterostoma  cubense  Cotteau  

x 

? 
x 
x 

x 
x 

x 

x 

? 

1  Hemiaster  dewalquei  Cotteau  
1  Paraster  parkinsoni  (Defrance)  
1  Schizaster  scillae  Agassiz  
1  Brissopsis  jimenoi  Cotteau  
1  Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau)  
1  Macropneustes  antillarum  (Cotteau) 

? 
x 

X 

? 

X 

? 
X 

1  Brissus  brissus  (Leske) 

? 

1  Eupatagus  cubensis  (Cotteau) 

x 

1  Breynia  cubensis  Cotteau  

? 

Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22. 


JAMAICA. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Jamaica. 

Cidaris  foveata,  sp.  nov. 
Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue. 
Amblypygus  americanus  Desor. 


Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy. 
Paraster  sp.  a. 
Eupatagus  sp.  a. 


This  short  list  of  Jamaican  Echini  includes  specimens  which  are 
in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  and  are  the  only  ones  I  have 


6  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF    THE   WEST   INDIES. 

seen  from  the  Island.1  They  are  all  probably  from  strata  of  Eocene 
age  (Cambridge  formation?),  excepting  Clypeaster  cotteaui,  which  is 
apparently  Oligocene. 

R.  T.  Hill,  in  his  Geology  and  Physical  Geography  of  Jamaica 
(1899,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  34),  mentions  having  a  few  Echini 
from  Jamaica.  Under  the  Blue  Mountain  series,  Cretaceous  (p. 
118),  he  gives  Salenia,  but  without  specific  name.  Under  the  Cam- 
bridge formation,  Eocene,  with  lists  of  other  groups  of  fossils,  he  notes 
(p.  128)  the  occurrence  of  the  following  Echini:  Scutellina  from  Cam- 
bridge and  Catadupa;  Acrocidaris  from  Catadupa;  Rapinot  pneustio 
[apparently  a  clerical  error  for  Macropneustes}  from  Great  River; 
Diplopodia  and  Echinolampas  from  Great  River;  and  Echinanthus 
[probably  Clypeaster}  from  Retrieve.  Mr.  Hill  states  in  a  note  that 
these  several  echinoids  are  in  his  own  collection  or  in  the  collection  of 
the  Institute  of  Jamaica.  He  further  remarks  that  Macropneustes  and 
Pygorhymchus  have  also  been  collected  from  the  Cambridge  formation, 
Eocene,  at  Mountain  Spring,  St.  Elizabeth,  and  Maroontown. 


DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Dominican  Republic,  Island  of  Haiti. 


Species. 

Oligocene. 

Miocene. 

Pliocene. 

Cidaris  sp.  a  
Cidaris  melitensis  Wright,  spines  only  
Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau  .... 

X 
X 

x 

Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau  
Clypeaster  caudatus,  sp.  nov.    .  . 

X 

x 

Clypeaster  dalli  (Twitchell) 

? 

Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau  

X 

This  list  of  fossil  Echini  from  the  Dominican  Republic  includes 
specimens  recently  collected  by  Dr.  Carlotta  J.  Maury  or  by  Dr. 
Vaughan  and  Dr.  Cooke.  Miss  Maury  obtained  the  Echini  while 
collecting  fossil  molluscs  in  the  Dominican  Republic,  a  description 
of  which  she  published  in  1917  in  the  Bulletin  of  American  Paleon- 
tology, Nos.  29  and  30. 

PORTO  RICO. 

The  Echini  here  listed  are  all  from  the  collections  made  on  the 
Scientific  Survey  of  Porto  Rico  by  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences, 
the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  cooperating.  The  specimens  were  mainly  collected  by  Dr. 
Chester  A.  Reeds,  with  Mr.  Prentice  B.  Hill  as  an  assistant,  in  the 

1  Desor,  1858,  Synopsis  des  Echinides,  p.  299,  describes  Pygorhynchus  jamaicensis  Desor  as 
occurring  fossil  in  Jamaica.  It  apparently  has  never  been  figured. 


GEOGRAPHICAL   AND   GEOLOGICAL   DISTRIBUTION. 
List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Porto  Rico. 


Species. 

Cretaceous. 

Oligocene. 

Geologic  age 
doubtful. 

Cidaris  peloria,  sp.  nov  

X 

> 

Cidaris  sp  b                        ... 

? 

? 

x 

x 

x 

? 

Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy  

x 

Hemiaster  berkeyi,  sp.  nov  
Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau)  
Eupatagus  depressus,  sp.  nov  
Eupatagus  elegans,  sp.  nov  

X 

x 
x 

j 

months  of  June  and  July  1915.  Some  of  the  results  of  the  work  of 
this  Scientific  Survey  of  Porto  Rico  have  already  appeared  in  the 
publications  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences.  In  his  Geological 
Introduction  (1919,  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  vol.  I,  part  1), 
Professor  C.  P.  Berkey  gives  an  account  of  the  geological  features 
of  the  island  and  a  discussion  of  the  age  of  the  rock  formations.  Miss 
Carlotta  J.  Maury  (1920,  New  York  Acad.  Sciences,  vol.  Ill,  part  1) 
describes  the  Tertiary  molluscs  of  Porto  Rico  and  gives  a  table  of 
the  correlation  of  Tertiary  formations  of  Porto  Rico  with  other  West 
Indian  islands. 

ANGUILLA. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Anguilla. 


Cidaris  anguillae  Cotteau. 
Cidaris  clevei  Cotteau. 
Cidaris  melitensis  Wright. 
Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau. 
Sismondia  anguillae  Cotteau. 
1  Clypeaster  rosaceus  (Linn6). 
Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau. 
Clypeaster  antillarum  Cotteau. 
Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske. 
Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy. 


Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy. 

Echinolampas  anguillse  Cotteau. 

Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau. 
2  Paraster  parkinsoni  (Def ranee). 

Paraster  clevei  (Cotteau). 

Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau). 
1  Brissopsis  atlantica  Mortensen. 

Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau. 

Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau). 

Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau. 


These  species  of  Echini  from  Anguilla  were  for  the  most  part  in- 
cluded in  the  Guppy  ex  Cleve  collection,  which  was  made  by  Professor 
P.  T.  Cleve  in  1868-69,  and  on  which  was  based  Cotteau's  memoir 
on  the  fossil  Echini  of  the  islands  of  St.  Bartholomew  and  Anguilla. 
Additional  material  has  since  been  collected  on  the  island  by  J.  W. 
Gregory  in  1899  and  by  T.  W.  Vaughan  in  1914.  Lambert  reports 


•Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  pp.  17-34. 
»A.  Agassiz,  1883,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  p.  94. 


8 


FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 


two  additional  species  collected  by  Gregory,  and  A.  Agassiz  records 
Par  aster  parkinsoni  as  noted.  Except  Clypeaster  rosaceus  and  Brissop- 
sis  atlantica,  all  of  the  species  from  Anguilla  are  from  the  Anguillan 
upper  Oligocene. 

ST.  BARTHOLOMEW. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  St.  Bartholomew. 


Cidaris  loveni  Cotteau. 
Sismondia  antillarum  Cotteau. 
Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau. 
Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy. 
Echinolampas  clevei  Cotteau. 
Asterostoma  cubense  Cotteau. 
Agassizia  inflata,  sp.  nov. 
Prenaster  loveni  Cotteau. 


Paraster  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
Paraster  subcylindricus  (Cotteau). 
Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau. 
Plagiobrissus  loveni  (Cotteau). 
Macropneustes  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
Eupatagus  grandiflorus  (Cotteau). 
Eupatagus  clevei  (Cotteau). 
Eupatagus  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
Eupatagus  sp.  b. 


Of  the  species  of  Echini  listed  from  the  island  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Agassizia  inflata  is  described  as  new.  The  type  of  this  species  was 
included  in  Agassizia  clevei  by  Cotteau,  but  it  is  considered  distinct 
from  that  species  as  discussed  in  the  text.  A  large  Eupatagus  collected 
by  Dr.  Vaughan  in  1914  is  considered  distinct  from  other  known 
species,  but  is  too  incomplete  for  description  as  a  new  species.  Other- 
wise all  the  species  here  given  from  St.  Bartholomew  were  included 
in  the  Guppy  ex  Cleve  collection,  which  was  made  by  Cleve  in  1868-69 
and  on  which  was  based  Cotteau's  memoir  on  the  fossil  Echini  of 
the  islands  of  St.  Bartholomew  and  Anguilla.1  Much  additional 
material,  however,  was  collected  from  the  island  by  Dr.  Vaughan  in 
1914.  All  of  these  species  are  from  the  upper  Eocene  St.  Bartholomew 
limestone. 


ANTIGUA. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Antigua. 
Sismondia  anguilhe  Cotteau. 

*  Anomalanthus  gregoryi  Lambert. 
Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau. 

1  Clypeaster  lanceolatus  Cotteau. 
Clypeaster  antillarum  Cotteau. 
Clypeaster  planipetalus  Cotteau. 
Clypeaster  cryptopetalus,  sp.  nov. 

*  Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue. 


1  Clypeaster  batheri  Lambert. 
1  Clypeaster  parvus  Michelin. 

Clypeaster  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov. 
1  Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy. 
*  Echinolampas  anguillae  Cotteau. 

Paraster  clevei  (Cotteau). 

Eupatagus  vaughani,  sp.  nov. 


Dr.  J.  W.  Gregory  reported  (1895,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London, 
vol.  51)  specimens  of  Clypeaster  concavus  and  C.  antillarum  from 
Antigua.  The  material  was  in  a  collection  sent  to  London  by  J. 
Vincent  Forrest,  Esq.  Gregory  remarks  that  no  fossil  echinoids  had 
previously  been  recorded  from  the  island.  Dr.  Bather  informs  me 

1  For  one  species,  Sismondia  alta,  not  included,  as  it  is  not  considered  recognizable,  see  list  by 
A.  Agassiz  referred  to  in  foot-note,  p.  9. 

'Lambert,  1915.  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79.  pp.  17-34. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND   GEOLOGICAL   DISTRIBUTION. 


that  this  material  is  not  in  the  British  Museum.  Later,  in  1899,  Doctor 
Gregory  visited  Antigua  (as  well  as  Anguilla)  and  collected  Echini 
which  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Dr.  A.  P.  Brown  collected  a  number  of  fossil  Echini  in  Antigua,  in 
1913,  and  his  specimens  are  in  the  collections  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences;  his  notes  on  the  geology  are  published 
in  the  Proceedings  of  that  institution.  Doctor  Vaughan,  in  1914, 
visited  Antigua  and  collected  quite  a  large  amount  of  material.  Lam- 
bert in  1915  published  the  results  of  Gergory's  collecting,  with  some 
additional  material  (from  Anguilla).  The  above  list  of  Echini  from 
Antigua  is  based  on  the  Vaughan  and  Brown  collections,  which  I  have 
studied,  and  in  addition  on  Lambert's  publication. 

All  these  species,  except  perhaps  Anomalanthus  gregoryi  Lambert, 
are  supposed  to  come  from  the  Antigua  formation,  Middle  Oligocene. 

Anomalanthus  gregoryi,  having  a  different  matrix  from  the  other 
species,  as  recorded  by  Lambert,  may  have  come  from  a  different  bed 
and  horizon. 

GUADELOUPE. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Guadeloupe. 


1  (?)  Lanieria  lanieri  (Cotteau). 
*  Clypeaster  parrae  Desmoulins. 

2  Clypeaster  parvus  Michelin. 

3  Clypeaster  duchassaingi  Michelin. 


s  Clypeaster  ambigenus  (Lamarck). 
1  Clypeaster  meridanensis  Michelin. 
1  Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske. 
1  Brissus  brissus  (Leske). 


I  have  not  seen  any  echinoid  material  from  the  island  of  Guadeloupe, 
and  the  species  indicated  are  taken  from  A.  Agassiz's  list  of  West  Indian 
Echini  in  the  Blake  report,  from  Cotteau's  Spanish  report,  and  from 
Michelin's  Monograph  of  Clypeastroids,4  all  as  indicated  in  foot-notes. 

The  occurrence  of  Lanieria  lanieri  in  Guadeloupe  is  probably  a 
mistake,  as  the  species  is  known  otherwise  only  from  the  Cretaceous 
of  Cuba.  The  other  species  listed  are  probably  all  late  Tertiary, 
but  A.  Agassiz  5  is  the  only  authority  cited  who  gave  a  definite  horizon 
in  recording  the  occurrence  of  the  species.6 

'A.  Agassiz,  1883,  Blake  Echini.     Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  vol.  10,  No.  1,  pp.  88-93. 

2  Cotteau,  1897,  Spanish  report,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22. 

3  Michelin,  1861,  Monographic ^Clypeastres  fossiles,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  7. 

4  Desor,   1858,  Synopsis  des  Echinides,   p.  234,  briefly  describes  Scutella  michelini  Desor, 
which,  he  says,  occurs  fossil  in  Guadeloupe;  and  on  p.  288  he  describes  Rhynchopygus  guadelou- 
pensis  Desor,  which,  he  says,  occurs  in  the  Quaternary  of  Guadeloupe. 

*  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  (1883,  Blake  Echini),  in  his  tables  of  geographical  and  geological  distribution 
of  West  Indian  Echini,  pp.  88-91,  lists  the  following  species  which  are  apparently  nomina  nuda 
or  synonyms:     Sismondia  alta  Cott.  Eocene,  St.  Barts;    Clypeaster  incurvatus  Desm.,  Pliocene, 
Guadeloupe;   Mellita  ampla  Holmes,  Pliocene,  Guadeloupe. 

•  Duchassaing  (1855,  Observations  sur  les  formations  modernes  de  1'ile  de  la  Guadeloupe, 
Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  12,  pp.  753-757)  gives  a  list  of  13  species  of  Echini  occurring 
in  the  white  tuff  at  Guadeloupe.    He  gives  no  authority  for  the  species  and  their  identification 
is  doubtful.    The  last  two  pages  of  his  paper  contain  a  list  by  Michelin  entitled  "Echinides  vivants 
et  fossiles  des  Antilles  et  du  Golfe  du  Mexique."    This  list  contains  many  nomina  nuda  or  obvious 
mistakes  of  identification. 


10  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

BARBADOS. 

Echinolampas  anguillce  Cotteau1  and  Eupatagus  abruptus  (Gregory)2 
are  the  only  recognizable  fossil  species  of  Echini  recorded  from  the 
island  of  Barbados  as  far  as  discovered.8  (Another  species,  see  p.  3.) 

TRINIDAD. 

List  of  Fossil  Echini  occurring  in  the  Island  of  Trinidad. 


Species. 

Eocene. 

Miocene. 

Cidaris  melitensis  Wright.   A  single  spine  only  

X 

X 

Mellita  sp 

x 

Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy  

X 

Paraster,  sp.  b  

X 

Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau   

? 

Previously,  only  Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  was  recorded  from 
Trinidad,  which  is  the  type  locality  for  that  species.  The  few  Echini 
recorded  are  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  excepting  Brissus  exiguus, 
which  was  recorded  by  Guppy  in  1911. 

GEOLOGICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  table  of  stratigraphic  and  geographic  distribution  of  fossil 
Echini  in  the  West  Indies  includes  all  the  species  that  I  have  had  for 
study,  and  in  addition  the  species  included  in  Cotteau's  Spanish 
report;  species  in  Lambert's  Report  on  West  Indian  Echini  in  the 
British  Museum;  species  described  by  Michelin,  or  species  listed  by 
A.  Agassiz  as  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies;  also  Echinolampas 
anguilla  and  Eupatagus  abruptus  (Gregory),  from  Barbados.  It  does 
not  include  a  few  Echini  from  Jamaica,  reported  by  Desor  and  by  R. 
T.  Hill,  for  which  see  the  list  of  Jamaica  species  (p.  6).  It  may  be  said 
that  the  list  is  complete  for  the  recognizable  fossil  species  recorded,  as 
far  as  I  am  aware.4 

Excepting  where  I  have  not  had  the  species  and  the  few  cases  marked 
by  references  to  foot-notes,  there  have  been  specimens  in  the  collections 
studied  from  each  of  the  localities  listed. 

Cotteau  and  Lambert  in  their  publications  did  not  recognize  the 
Oligocene  as  a  formation,  and  it  is  known  that  some  species  they 
refer  to  the  Miocene  should  be  referred  to  the  Oligocene. 

1  Guppy,  R.  J.  L.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  67,  p.  692,  1911. 

'Gregory,  J.  W.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  48,  pp.  163-169,  pi.  4,  1892. 

*  Gregory  described  Cystechinus  crassus  Gregory  from  the  Radiolarian  marls  of  Barbados 
(1889,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  45,  p.  640,  figs.  1  to  3).  This  species  is  of  such 
doubtful  relationship  that  it  can  not  be  inserted  in  the  key,  p.  53,  and  is  omitted  excepting  for 
this  note.  (See  A.  Agassiz,  1904,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  31,  p.  157.) 

4  In  foot-notes  on  page  9  are  references  to  lists  of  West  Indian  fossil  species  of  Echini  that 
seem  to  be  unrecognizable. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND   GEOLOGICAL   DISTRIBUTION. 


11 


Stratigraphic  and  Geographic  Distribution  of  Fossil  Echini  in  the  West  Indies. 
A  question  mark  after  the  name  of  an  island  or  country  means  that  the  geologic  horizon  is  doubtful. 


Species. 

Creta- 
ceous. 

Eocene. 

Oligocene. 

Miocene. 

Pliocene. 

Order  CIDAROIDA. 
Cidaris  anguillae  Cotteau.             

Anguilla. 

Porto  Rico. 

Porto  Rico  (?) 

Cidaris  sp  b.                

Porto  Rico  (?) 

Cidaris  loveni  Cotteau  .        

St.  Barthol- 

Cidaris clevei  Cotteau  
Cidaris  melitensis  Wright 

omew. 

Anguilla. 
Anguilla. 

Dom.  Repub., 

Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck)  

Trinidad. 
Cuba. 

Order  CENTRECHINOIDA. 

»  Cuba  (?) 

Dom.  Repub. 

1  Codiopsis  arnaudi  Cotteau  
1  Salenia  scutigera  (Miinster)  
1  Phymosoma  cubense  (Egozcue)  
Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau  

Order  EXOCYCLOIDA. 
Suborder  HOLECTYPINA. 
1  Conulus  antillensis  (Cotteau) 

Cuba. 
Cuba. 
Cuba. 

Cuba 

Cuba   (?),   Porto 
Rico,  Anguilla. 

Cuba  (?) 

Cuba 

1  (?)  Guade- 

1 Discoidea  decorata  Desor  
Suborder  CLYPEASTRINA. 

Cuba. 

St   Barthol- 

loupe. 

Sismondia  anguillse  Cotteau  

omew. 

Anguilla,  Antigua. 

4  Anomalanthus  gregoryi  Lambert  

Antigua  (?) 

2  Cuba    (?), 

'Anguilla. 

Porto  Rico(?) 

Clypeaster  caudatus,  sp.  nov  

Porto  Rico,   An- 
guilla, Antigua. 

Dom.  Repub. 

Clypeaster  dalli  (Twitchell)  

Dom.  Repub.  (?) 

Dom.  Re- 

Cuba  (?) 
Cuba  (?) 

pub.  (?) 

Cuba  (?) 

Clypeaster  lanceolatus  Cotteau  
Clypeaster  antillarum  Cotteau  

Cuba,  Antigua. 
Cuba,  Anguilla,  An- 

Cuba (?) 

Clypeaster  planipetalus  Cotteau  
Clypeaster  cryptopetalus,  sp.  nov  

tigua. 
1  Cuba,  Antigua. 

Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue  

Cuba,  'Antigua 

4  Clypeaster  batheri  Lambert  .  . 

Jamaica. 

1  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority,  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22. 

2  This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;    authority,  Cotteau,  1897,   Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol. 
Espana,  vol.  22. 

3  This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;    authority,  A.  Agassiz,   1883,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  vol.  10,  no.  1,  pp.  88-94. 

4  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority,  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79. 
6  This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;  authority,  Lambert,  1915,  M6m.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube 

(Troyes),  vol.  79. 


12  FOSSIL  ECHINI  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

Stratigraphic  and  Geographic  Distribution  of  Fossil  Echini  in  the  West  Indies—Continued. 


Species. 

Creta- 
ceous. 

Eocene. 

Oligocene. 

Miocene. 

Pliocene. 

1  Clypeaster  parvus  Michelin  

•Antigua. 

Cuba,  Gua- 

deloupe. 

Clypeaster  placentoides,  sp.  nov  

Cuba. 

4  Clypeaster  meridanensis  Michelin.  .  . 

*  Guadeloupe. 

Clypeaster  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov  
Clypeaster  platygaster,  sp.  nov  
1  Laganum  elongatum  Egozcue  

Trinidad. 

Porto  Rico  ,  Antigua  . 
Cuba. 
Cuba  (?) 

Cuba  (?) 

Porto  Rico. 

1  Encope  ciae  de  Cortazar 

Cuba  (?) 

Porto  Rico(?) 

Mellita  sp 

Trinidad 

Suborder  SPATANGINA. 

Cuba. 

Anguilla,  Cuba  (?) 

Cuba  (?) 

1  Cuba  and 

Jamaica. 

Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau)  

St.    Barthol- 

o  m  e  w  , 
'Cuba 
Cuba 

Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau  .... 



St.  Barthol- 
omew. 
Cubajamai- 

Echinolampas  clevei  Cotteau  
Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy.  .  .  . 
1  Echinolampas  castroi  Cotteau.    . 



ca,  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, 
Trinidad. 
St.  Barthol- 
o  m  e  w  , 
1  Cuba. 

Cuba. 

Cuba,  Porto  Rico, 
Anguilla.'  An- 
tigua. 

Echinolampas  anguillae  Cotteau  . 

Cuba,      Anguilla 

1  Asterostoma  excentricum  (Lamarck)  . 
Asterostoma  cubense  Cotteau  

1  Pseudasterostoma  jimenoi  (Cotteau).. 

Cuba 

(?)  Cuba. 
Cuba.      St. 
Bartholo- 
mew. 
Cuba. 

'Antigua,  'Barba- 
dos. 

St   Barthol- 

Agassizia clevei  Cotteau 

omew. 

1  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority,  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafla,  vol.  22. 

'This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;  authority,  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol. 
Espafla,  vol.  22. 

'This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;  authority,  A.  Agassiz,  1883,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  vol.  10,  no.  1.  pp.  88-94. 

4  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority,  Michelin,  1861,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  7. 

*  This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;  authority,  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube 
(Troyes),  vol.  79. 

•  This  species  I  have  not  seen   from   this  locality;  authority,   Guppy,    1911,   Quart.    Jour.   Geol.  Soc. 
London,  vol.  67,  p.  692. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND   GEOLOGICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Stratigraphic  and  Geographic  Distribution  of  Fossil  Echini  in  the  West  Indies — Continued. 


13 


Species. 

Creta- 
ceous. 

Eocene. 

Oligocene. 

Miocene. 

Pliocene. 

St  Barthol- 

1 Hemiaster  cubensis  (d'Orbigny)  

omew. 

Cuba 

1  Hemiaster  antillensis  Cotteau  

Cuba,  hori- 

1 Hemiaster  dewalquei  Cotteau  
Hemiaster  berkeyi,  sp.  nov  
Paraster  antillarum  (Cotteau) 

Porto 
Rico. 

zon  (?) 
Cuba,  hori- 
zon (?) 

St.  Barthol- 

omew. 

Cuba  'An- 

Paraster clevei  (Cotteau) 

guilla. 

Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau)  

Porto  Rico,  Anguilla. 

Paraster  subcylindricus  (Cotteau)  .... 

St.  Barthol- 
omew, 

Paraster  sp.  b  

Trinidad. 

Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau  

St.  Barthol- 

* Schizaster  scillae  Agassiz 

omew. 

Cuba  (?) 

Cuba 

Anguilla 

St   Barthol- 

Dom. Repub. 

Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau)  
Macropneustes  antillarum  (Cotteau)  .  . 

1  Brissus  brissus  (Leske)  

omew. 

»  Cuba,   St. 
Bartholo- 
mew. 

Anguilla. 

1  Cuba. 
Cuba,  hori- 

1 Guadeloupe. 

Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau  
Eupatagus  grandiflorus  (Cotteau). 

St.  Barthol- 

Anguilla. 

zon? 
*  Trinidad. 

Eupatagus  sp.  a. 

omew. 

Eupatagus  clevei  (Cotteau)  

St.  Barthol- 

Eupatagus antillarum  (Cotteau) 

omew. 
St  Barthol- 

Eupatagus depressus,  sp.  nov  
*  Eupatagus  abruptus  (Gregory)  
1  Eupatagus  cubensis  (Cotteau)  
Eupatagus  elegans,  sp.  nov  
Eupatagus  vaughani,  sp.  nov  

omew. 
Cuba. 

Porto  Rico. 
Barbados. 

Porto  Rico. 
Antigua. 

Eupatagus  sp.  b  

St   Barthol- 

1 Breynia  cubensis  Cotteau  



omew. 
Cuba,  hori- 
zon (?) 

1  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority.  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22. 

*  This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;   authority,  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol. 
Espana,  vol.  22. 

*  This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;    authority,  A.  Agassiz,   1883,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  vol.  10,  no.  1,  pp.  88-94. 

4  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority,  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79. 
'This  species  I  have  not  seen  from  this  locality;   Guppy,  1911,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol. 
67,  p.  685. 

*  This  species  I  have  not  seen;  authority,  Gregory,  1892,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  48,  p.  163. 


14  FOSSIL  ECHINI  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES. 

SYSTEMATIC  DESCRIPTIONS. 

REGULAR  OR  ENDOCYCLIC  ECHINI;  THE  CIDAROIDA 
AND  CENTRECHINOIDA. 

The  fossils  occurring  in  the  West  Indies  comprise  very  few  of  the 
regular  or  endocyclic  Echini,  although  7  species  of  cidarids  occur  and 
there  are  indications  that  more  will  be  found ;  of  the  Centrechinoida, 1 
however,  the  remains  are  extremely  rare,  Echinometra  prisca  being 
the  only  species  known  from  a  considerable  amount  of  material.  In 
the  collections  studied,  I  have  seen  only  one  other  species  of  the  order 
Centrechinoida,  namely,  Echinopedina  cubensis,  from  the  Dominican 
Republic  (known  also  from  Cuba).  Cotteau  records  3  additional 
species  from  Cuba,  not  known  elsewhere  in  the  West  Indies. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Families  of  Fossil  Regular  Echini,  the  Cidaroida  and  Centrechinoida. 
Tubercles  perforate. 

(CIDAROIDA) 

Ambulacra  composed  wholly  of  simple  primary  plates Cidarida 

(CENTRECHINOIDA) 
(AULODONTA) 

Ambulacra  composed  in  part  at  least  of  compound  plates.     .    .    .    ;" ".    .    .     Pedinida 
Tubercles  imperforate. 

(STIRODONTA) 

No  primary  tubercles  above  the  ambitus Hemicidarida 

Many  primary  tubercles  above  the  ambitus. 

Periproct  with  large  suranal  plate Saleniidce 

Periproct  without  large  suranal  plate. 

Ambitus  circular Phymosomatida 

(CAMERODONTA) 
Ambitus  elliptical Echinometrida 

Under  the  Cidaridse  7  fossil  species  are  recognized  (see  key,  p.  15). 
Under  the  Pedinidae  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Echinopedina  cubensis. 
Under  the  Hemicidaridae  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Codiopsis 
arnaudi.  Under  the  Saleniidse  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Salenia 
scutigera.  Under  the  Phymosomatidse  there  is  only  1  fossil  species, 
Phymosoma  cubensis.  Under  the  Echinometridse  there  is  only  1  fossil 
species,  Echinometra  prisca. 

Order  CIDAROIDA  Duncan,  1889. 

Family  CJDARID.&  Gray,  1825. 

Genus  CIDARIS  Leske,  1778. 

Type  species. -Echinus  cidaris  Linne,  1758,  Sys.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  p.  664. 

Of  the  genus  Cidaris,  7  species  are  definitely  known  as  described, 
occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies.  In  addition,  a  few  spines  have 
been  found  which  are  not  referable  to  any  of  the  known  species. 

1  The  ordinal  name  Centrechinoida  and  the  family  name  Centrechinidae  are  taken  from 
Ccntrechinus,  a  name  proposed  by  Jackson  (1912,  Phylogeny  of  the  Echini,  p.  27)  to  replace 
Diadema,  which  name  is  not  available  for  Echini,  being  preoccupied. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CIDAROIDA.  15 

These  are  described  without  specific  name  and  indicate  that  more 
species  may  be  found  in  future,  but  it  is  not  thought  reasonable  to 
base  additional  species  on  such  meager  material.  Of  the  recognized 
species  4  have  been  previously  described  by  Cotteau  in  his  monograph ; 
1  species,  C.  tribuloides,  is  here  recognized  for  the  first  time  as  occurring 
fossil  in  that  region,  although  it  is  abundant  in  the  living  fauna  through- 
out the  West  Indies;  2  species,  C.  peloria  and  C.foveata,  are  described 
as  new  and  are  quite  distinct  from  anything  previously  known,  either 
living  or  fossil,  in  that  region.  With  the  abundance  of  Recent  cidarids 
in  the  West  Indies,  it  is  perhaps  remarkable  that  more  species  and 
more  individual  specimens  have  not  been  found  in  the  fossil  condition. 
With  the  limited  amount  of  material,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to 
refer  the  species  to  the  minor  generic  divisions  of  Cidaris  which  are 
recognized  in  the  classification  of  Recent  species  and  to  some  extent 
in  the  fossil  as  well. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Cidaris. 

Primary  spines   short,    thick,    markedly   fusiform,  with  large  granules  or  spinelets,  in 

longitudinal  series  or  irregularly  arranged C.  anguiUce 

Primary  spines  very  long,  thick,  smooth  or  with  flutings  only  near  the  distal  end C.  peloria 

Primary  spines  not  as  above  or  unknown.     The  species  are  separated  on  characters  of 
the  test. 

Interambulacra  with  conspicuous  sunken  pits  in  median  line C.  foveata 

Interambulacra  without  such  pits. 

Pores  of  a  pair  in  an  ambulacral  plate  widely  separated,  distance  between  them  being 
much  greater  than  diameter  of  pore;    pores  of  a  pair  connected  by  a 
furrow;   coronal  plates  well  covered  with  tubercles  and  granules..  C.  loveni 
Pores  of  a  pair  in  an  ambulacral  plate  not  widely  separated;    pores  of  a  pair  not 

connected  by  a  furrow. 
Coronal  plates  numerous  (7  or  8),  low  and  wide;    areolae  not  half  as  wide  as 

coronal  plates ;  scrobicular  circle  inconspicuous C.   clevei 

Coronal  plates  more  than  6  only  in  very  large  specimens,  areolse  half  as  wide  as 

plate  or  more;   scrobicular  circle  inconspicuous. 
Ambulacra  wide  (one-third  to  one-half  width  of  interambulacra) ;  coronal 

plates  rather  sparsely  covered  with  tubercles C.  melitensis 

Ambulacra  narrow  (about  one-fourth  width  of  interambulacra);    coronal 

plates  with  rather  crowded  tubercles C.    tribuloides 

Cidaris  anguillae  Cotteau. 
(Plate  1,  Figure  1.) 

Cidaris  anguittas   Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Svens.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  11, 

plate  1,  figs.  17,  18. 
Cidaris  melitensis  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  194. 

The  following  is  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 

Test  unknown.  Spine  of  medium  size,  elongate,  cylindrical,  subfusiform, 
provided  with  thorny  granules,  sometimes  very  projecting,  disposed  in 
regular  longitudinal  series.  The  extremity  of  the  spine  is  truncate  and 
the  granules  elongating,  form  small,  flattened  extensions,  suggesting  a 
star  or  corolla.  Collar  distinct,  finely  striate,  ring  prominent.  Articular 
facet  non-crenulate. 

The  Washington  specimen  measures  12  mm.  in  length  and  3  mm.  in 
diameter.  It  is  somewhat  shorter  than  Cotteau's  measurement  and 


16  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

does  not  show  completely  the  distal  tip  as  figured  by  Cotteau.  It 
may  have  been  broken  at  the  tip.  This  species  is  known  only  from 
primary  spines,  and  Cotteau  mentions  another  specimen  besides  the 
one  he  figured,  presumably  in  the  Cleve  collection.  The  Washington 
specimen  compared  with  spines  of  melitensis  shows  that  in  anguilla 
the  ornamenting  spinelets  are  higher,  larger,  and  more  alternating 
in  rows  than  are  those  of  melitensis.  As  the  spines  of  Cidaris  clevei, 
which  occurs  in  the  same  formation  and  island,  are  unknown,  it  may 
be  that  these  spines  should  be  referred  to  that  species;  but  of  this 
there  is  no  certainty.  Guppy  referred  both  Cidaris  clevei  and  anguillcB 
to  melitensis  as  synonyms.  It  seems  that  he  was  quite  mistaken  in 
the  case  of  anguilke,  and  in  the  case  of  clevei  the  conclusive  evidence 
is  wanting. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  cotype,  one  spine,  and  indeterminable  fragments  of  other 
spines  on  a  small  slab,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115393.  Cotteau  mentions 
a  second  spine  of  the  same  size,  but  it  was  not  found  in  the  Guppy 
collection.  It  is  of  course  possible  that  the  Washington  specimen 
is  this  second  spine  referred  to. 

Cidaris  peloria,»  new  species. 
(Plate  1,  Figures  2  to  5.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Known  only  from  primary  spines  and  a  single  interambulacral  plate. 
There  are  numerous  primary  spines,  none  of  which,  however,  is  complete 
both  distally  and  proximally.  Spines  massive,  circular  in  section,  tapering 
gradually  from  just  above  the  milled  ring  to  the  tip,  which  ends  bluntly. 
Smooth  throughout  the  length,  excepting  near  the  tip,  where  there  are  a 
few,  7  to  10,  low,  ridged  plications,  the  longest  of  these  being  about  15  mm. 
in  extent.  In  a  few  spines,  which  are  presumably  from  the  ventral  side, 
the  distal  plications  are  more  strongly  pronounced,  and  there  is  a  rounded 
median  spinelet  given  off  from  the  distal  end  of  the  spine.  The  largest 
single  fragment  measures  59  mm.  in  length  and  8  mm.  in  diameter  at  the 
widest  part.  Another  fragment,  somewhat  shorter  but  of  greater  thickness, 
measures  9  mm.  in  diameter.  Putting  fragments  together  and  allowing 
for  the  angle  of  tapering  of  the  spine,  as  in  plate  1,  figure  5,  a  complete 
large  spine  must  have  measured  at  least  from  100  to  120  mm.  in  length. 
The  single  interambulacral  plate,  which  is  apparently  from  the  middle  or 
ventral  side  of  the  test,  has  a  high,  rounded,  perforate  mammelon,  wide 
scrobicular  area,  and  relatively  narrow  row  of  marginal  secondary  tubercles. 
The  plate  measures  15  mm.  in  width  and  10  mm.  in  height,  13  mm.  in  width 
on  the  horizontal  suture  line  where  it  came  in  contact  with  the  next  adjacent 
interambulacral  plate  in  the  vertical  series. 

This  species  evidently  was  very  large,  but  there  is  not  the  evidence 
for  making  any  close  estimate  of  its  size ;  however,  comparing  the  single 
interambulacral  plate  with  W.  B.  Clark's  figure  of  the  Cretaceous 

1  T*X«J>pioj  =  huge,  gigantic. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CIDAROIDA.  17 

Cidaris  texana  W.  B.  Clark  (1915,  Monograph  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
vol.  54,  plate  9,  fig.  26),  it  is  very  probable  that  the  test  of  C.  peloria 
was  not  less  than  60  mm.  in  diameter  and  may  have  been  a  good  deal 
larger.  No  other  known  species  in  the  West  Indies,  either  living  or 
fossil,  has  spines  which  approach  those  of  this  species  either  in  size 
or  character.  In  fact,  the  nearest  thing  to  which  it  can  be  compared  is 
the  Recent  Australian  cidarid  Phyllacanthus  longispinus  Mortensen. 
Mortensen  (1918,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  58,  No.  9) 
says  of  this  species  that  a  specimen  measures  85  mm.  in  diameter 
and  the  longest  primary  spines  measure  105  to  107  mm.  in  length. 
Oligocene,  marly  beds,  base  of  "Arecibo"  formation,  Government 
Road,  San  Sebastian  to  Lares,  km.  post  33,  Porto  Rico,  48  specimens 
(including  the  holotype  and  4  paratypes  which  are  in  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  No.  18564),  station  56.  Base  of  "Are- 
cibo"  limestone,  Government  Road,  San  Sebastian  to  Lares,  Porto 
Rico,  km.  post  33,  collected  from  north  side  of  road  from  excavations 
where  road-metal  has  been  quarried,  1  specimen,  station  58.  "Are- 
cibo"  formation,  Government  Road,  San  Sebastian  to  Lares,  Porto 
Rico,  shaly  limestone,  south  side  of  road,  km.  post  33  (11  km.  east 
of  San  Sebastian  or  5  km.  west  of  Lares),  26  specimens,  station  20. 
Collazo  shales,  Government  Road,  San  Sebastian  to  Lares,  Porto 
Rico,  near  km.  post  29,  2  specimens,  station  105.  The  holotype  and 
all  of  the  above  paratypes  wrere  collected  by  C.  A.  Reeds  on  an  expedi- 
tion of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Govern- 
ment and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 

Cidaris  foveata,  new  species. 
(Plate  1,  Figures  6,  7.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  large,  flattened  dorsally  and  ventrally.  Ambitus  below  the  mid- 
zone.  Ambulacra  wide  (8  mm.),  sunken;  poriferous  areas  wide;  pores 
oval,  connected  by  deep  furrows.  The  interporiferous  areas  are  as  wide 
as  a  poriferous  area,  deeply  channeled  in  the  median  line,  elevated  on  the 
borders.  Interporiferous  area  ornamented  with  a  series  of  large  tubercles 
on  the  outer  border  of  the  area  on  each  side,  and  a  second  series  of  smaller 
tubercles  runs  parallel  to  the  larger  tubercles  and  just  within  the  same. 
There  are  also  2  or  3  miliary  tubercles  on  each  plate  near  the  center  of  the 
area.  The  ambulacral  areas  are  quite  straight  dorsally,  but  sinuous  below 
the  mid-zone.  About  12  ambulacral  plates  equal  the  height  of  an  inter- 
ambulacral  plate  at  the  mid-zone.  Interambulacral  plates  with  large  prom- 
inent tubercles,  which  are  mammillate,  perforate,  deeply  crenulate,  with 
high  and  wide  scrobicular  areas  which  extend  dorsally  and  ventrally  nearly 
to  the  borders  of  the  plate.  A  row  of  secondary  tubercles  surrounds  the 
primaries,  and  minute  miliary  tubercles  are  abundant  toward  the  middle 
line  of  the  area  on  each  plate.  There  are  10  interambulacral  plates  in  a 
column.  The  most  striking  features  of  the  interambulacra  and  also  of 
the  species  is  a  series  of  deep  pits  in  the  median  line  of  each  area.  These 


18  FOSSIL    ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

pits  occupy  a  position  at  the  admedian  apex  of  each  interambulacral  plate, 
so  that  in  each  plate  there  are  3  pits,  one  in  the  middle  line  and  one  at  the 
point  of  both  its  upper  and  lower  margins  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the 
borders  of  the  next  adjacent  interambulacral  plates. 

Height  of  the  test  34  mm.,  diameter  54  mm.,  diameter  of  the  periproct 
and  peristome  about  15  mm. 

This  species  is  entirely  distinct  from  any  other  known  cidarid  occur- 
ring either  fossil  or  living  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  characterized  by 
the  size  of  the  test,  which  is  larger  than  any  other  fossil  species  at 
present  known  (though  the  test  of  Cidaris  peloria,  which  is  unknown, 
was  probably  even  larger),  by  the  very  broad  poriferous  areas  with 
deep  connecting  furrows,  by  the  deeply  channeled  interporiferous 
area,  and  especially  by  the  deep  pits  which  mark  the  interambulacral 
areas.  These  pits  are  comparable  to  those  seen  in  Goniocidaris  tubaria 
(Lamarck)  of  the  Australian  region,  but  with  the  difference  that  they 
are  more  deeply  marked  in  C.  foveata  and  do  not  run  together  in 
grooves  as  they  do  in  G.  tubaria.  This  is  still  another  case  of  a  fossil 
West  Indian  species  finding  its  nearest  living  ally  in  eastern  Pacific 
waters.  It  is  associated  in  the  same  lot,  evidently  from  the  same  local- 
ity with  the  Echinolampas  ovumserpentis,  Paraster  sp.  a,  and  Eupatagus 
sp.  a  as  here  described. 

Eocene,  from  yellowish  limestone,  probably  the  Cambridge  formation 
of  R.  T.  Hill,  Jamaica,  with  no  detailed  locality;  one  specimen,  holo- 
type,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3234. 

Cidaris  species  a.   (Text-figure  1.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  specimen : 

Primary  spine  long,  slender,  acicular,  with  8  to  10  rows  of  low  denticulate 
ridges  running  parallel  to  the  longer  axis.    The  most  perfect  spine,  which 
is  very   nearly  entire  proximally,  showing  indications  of 
the  milled  ring  and  collar.     It  is  incomplete  distally.    As 
far  as  preserved,  it  measures  13  mm.  in  length  and  2  mm. 
in  diameter  at  about  the  middle  of  its  total  length. 

This  species  is  represented  by  one  fairly  complete 
spine  and  a  second  fragmentary  one  on  a  slab  of  soft 
yellow  limestone.  It  differs  from  any  other  known 
species  of  Cidaris  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies, 
but  makes  a  very  close  approach  in  character  to  the 
Recent  West  Indian  species  Dorocidaris  rugosa  H.  L. 
Clark  (1907,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  51,  No.  7, 
p.  210,  plates  4,  5).  ' 

Geologic  age  not  known,  probably  Miocene,  Ponce 
Chalk,  2  km.  southwest  of  J.uana  Diaz,    from   fallen 
block  of  limestone  alongside  of  the  irrigation  flume  on  flood-plain  of 
the  Jacaguas  River,   Porto  Rico,  station  195,  American  Mus.    Nat. 
Hist.  No.  18565,  C.  A.  Reeds  collector,  Expedition  of  the  New  York 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CIDAROIDA.  19 

Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating.  A  Cidaris  spine  closely 
similar  occurred  in  the  Miocene,  Gurabo  formation  at  Rio  Mao,  half 
a  mile  above  ford  at  Cercado  de  Mao,  Dominican  Republic,  T.  W. 
Vaughan  and  C.  W.  Cooke  collectors,  one  spine,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 
station  8519. 

Cidaris  species  b.   (Text-figures  2,  3.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  these  specimens : 

Spines  small,  cylindrical,  tapering  gradually  from  above  the  collar,  or 
contracted  above  the  collar  and  thence  tapering  distally.  Both  specimens 
are  complete  proximally,  showing  the  milled  ring  and  collar,  but  wanting 
at  the  distal  tip.  Thickly  and  irregularly  set  with  thornlike  spinelets 
which  stand  out  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  axis,  or  with  fewer  and  larger 
spinelets,  which  again  are  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  axis.  The  specimen 
with  smaller  and  numerous  spinelets  and  which  is  nearly  complete  distally, 
measures  15  mm.  in  length  by  3  mm.  in  its  greatest  diameter.  The  one 
with  two  large  spinelets,  which  is  larger,  is  of  undeterminate  length,  but 
measures  3.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

This  species  is  quite  distinct  from  any  other 
known,  living  or  fossil,  in  the  West  Indies.  It 
can  be  compared,  however,  very  closely  with 
Goniocidaris  biserialis  Doderlein  (1887,  Die 
Japanischen  Seeigel,  Stuttgart,  plate  5),  which 
has  similar  and  very  variable  spines.  It  is  in- 
teresting that  3  species  of  fossil  Cidaris  in  the 
West  Indies,  C.  peloria,  C.  foveata,  and  the 
present  one,  find  their  closest  analogy  in  Recent  2, 3.— Cidaris  sp.  b: 
Eastern  Pacific  forms.  sPines>  x  2- 

Geologic  age  not  known,  Arecibo  limestone, 

weathered  marl,  Government  Road,  Aguadilla  to  Rincon,  Porto  Rico, 
km.  post  2,  from  roadside  grottoes  where  road-metal  had  been  taken 
out,  2  specimens,  station  117,  American  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18566, 
C.  A.  Reeds  collector,  Expedition  of  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences, 
the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  cooperating. 

Cidaris  loveni  Cotteau. 
(Plate  1,  Figures  8  to  10.) 

Cidaris  loveni  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Svens.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl..  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  10,  plate  1, 
figs.  11  to  14.     Guppy,  1882,  Scient.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  195. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this 
species : 

This  species  is  of  medium  size,  subcircular,  slightly  pentagonal,  nearly 
equally  flattened  above  and  below.  Ambulacral  areas  sunken,  relatively 
wide,  subundulate,  nearly  straight  dorsally  and  ventrally.  Pores  oval, 
very  open,  disposed  nearly  horizontally,  each  pair  separated  by  a  transverse 
swelling,  at  first  sight  like  the  pores  of  Rhabdocidaris,  but  this  resemblance 


20  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

is  more  apparent  than  real.  The  interporiferous  areas  are  very  broad,  with 
two  rows  of  regular  granules  placed  on  the  border  of  the  poriferous  areas, 
the  intermediate  space  occupied  by  two  other  ranges  of  finer  granules, 
less  regularly  arranged  and  less  equal  in  size.  Interambulacral  tubercles 
prominent,  strongly  mammillate,  perforate,  non-crenulate.  Scrobicules 
moderately  developed,  rounded  dorsally,  subelliptical  as  one  approaches 
the  peristome,  bordered  with  a  circle  of  mammillate  granules,  the  space 
without  this  circle  being  covered  with  smaller  tubercles,  irregular  and  rather 
widely  scattered. 

Height  of  specimen  15  mm.,  diameter  26.5  mm.,  width  of  ambula- 
crum at  the  mid-zone  4  mm.,  width  of  interambulacrum  at  the  same 
plane  12  mm.  Cotteau  says  that  there  are  6  interambulacral  plates  in 
a  column,  but  I  found  that,  in  some  areas  at  least,  there  are  7 ;  they 
are,  however,  very  incomplete  and  worn  dorsally. 

This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  fossil  species 
of  Cidaris  of  the  region  by  the  widely  separated  ambulacral  pores  of  a 
pair  connected  by  a  furrow,  as  in  the  living  genus  Phyllacanthus. 
When  compared  with  an  adult  Recent  Cidaris  bartletti  (A.  Ag.)  from 
Barbados  (M.  C.  Z.  No.  133),  the  differences  are  slight,  the  only 
tangible  one  being  the  more  numerous  tubercles  and  granules  on  the 
coronal  plates.  About  12  ambulacral  plates  at  the  mid-zone  abut 
against  a  single  interambulacral  plate.  Interambulacrum  with  6 
plates  in  a  column,  as  stated  by  Cotteau,  though  in  one  area  at  least 
7  existed,  as  I  counted  that  number.  Interambulacral  plates  prom- 
inent, strongly  mammillate,  non-crenulate.  This  species,  loveni, 
although  of  considerable  antiquity  geologically,  is  certainly  very 
similar  to  the  Recent  bartletti. 

Cotteau  does  not  mention  more  than  one  specimen  of  this  species 
and  only  says  very  rare.  The  specimen  gives  the  same  measurements 
as  Cotteau's,  and  while  in  part  much  worn,  it  is  evidently  the  holo- 
type  of  which  Cotteau's  figures  were  quite  freely  restored,  especially 
in  the  dorsal  view. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  island  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Guppy  Collection  ex  Cleve,  holotype,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115415. 

Cidaris  clevei  Cotteau. 
(Plate  1,  Figure  11.) 

Cidaris  clevei  Cotteau,  1875.  Kongl.  Svens.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  11,   plate 

1,  figs.  15,  16. 
Cidaris  melitensis  Guppy  (para),  1882,  Scient.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  194. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  original  description  of  this  species  : 
Species  of  small  size,  circular,  moderately  elevated,  ambulacra  narrow, 
straight,  slightly  sunken,  ambulacral  area  with  6  rows  of  granules  nearly 
equal  in  size,  the  6  rows  being  reduced  to  4  ventrally  and  dorsally.  Inter- 
ambulacral tubercles  small,  perforate,  non-crenulate,  7  to  8  plates  in  a 
column.  Scrobicules  small,  narrow,  never  meeting  at  the  base.  Space 
around  scrobicules  filled  with  small  granular  tubercles. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CIDAROIDA.  21 

This  species  was  based  by  Cotteau  on  a  single  specimen  which  con- 
sists of  an  interambulacral  area  with  a  half-ambulacrum  on  either 
side.  The  specimen  measures  9.5  mm.  in  height.  The  width  of  the 
interambulacrum  at  the  mid-zone  is  6  mm.  and  of  each  half-ambula- 
crum 1.5  mm.  As  the  width  of  an  interambulacrum  plus  an  ambula- 
crum at  the  mid-zone  equals  9  mm.,  the  circumference  of  a  complete 
specimen  of  the  same  size  would  be  about  45  mm.  and  the  diameter 
as  estimated  about  14  mm.  The  species  is  characterized  by  its  low 
and  wide  coronal  plates  and  also  by  the  fact  that  the  areolse  are  so 
small  that  their  horizontal  diameter  is  less  than  one-half  the  horizontal 
width  of  the  plate.  On  the  other  hand,  in  most  West  Indian  cidarids, 
the  horizontal  diameter  of  the  areolse  at  the  mid-zone  is  more  than 
half  the  width  of  the  plate.  Again,  in  devei,  the  surface  of  the  coronal 
plates  outside  the  areolae  is  rather  uniformly  tuberculated,  and  there 
is  a  conspicuous  scrobicular  circle  of  secondary  tubercles.  Cotteau 
says  there  are  7  to  8  interambulacral  plates  in  a  series  (column); 
7  were  counted  on  the  specimen ;  and  a  space  for  probably  1  additional 
plate  exists  against  the  ambulacrum.  There  is  no  evidence,  however, 
for  9  plates  in  a  column  as  shown  in  the  right  half  of  Cotteau's  figure. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  from  the  island  of  Anguilla;  holotype 
and  only  known  specimen,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115400. 

Cidaris  melitensis  Wright. 
(Plate  1,  Figures  12  to  17.) 

Cidaris  melitensis  Wright.  1855,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  2,  vol.  15,  p.  107,  plate  4,  figs.  1  a  to  c . 
Guppy,  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  299.  Cotteau,  1875, 
Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  8,  plate  1,  figs.  1  to  10.  Guppy. 
1882,  Scient.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  194. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  Cotteau's  description  of  this 
species: 

Species  of  medium  size,  circular,  about  equally  depressed  dorsally  and 
ventrally.  Ambulacral  areas  relatively  broad,  a  little  depressed,  sub- 
undulate.  Pores  rounded,  very  open,  disposed  a  little  obliquely,  each 
pair  of  pores  separated  by  a  small  elevation.  Interporiferous  areas  very 
narrow  toward  the  poles,  with  2  principal  rows  of  granules  near  the  pores 
and  with  2  vertical  rows  of  smaller  tubercles  in  each  half-area  at  the  ambitus. 
Interambulacral  tubercles  prominent,  strongly  mammillate,  perforate, 
non-crenulate.  Scrobicules  large,  subelliptical  toward  the  peristome, 
tending  to  become  circular  dorsally,  bordered  with  a  regular  circle  of  small 
mammillate  granules.  Beyond  this  circle  the  plates  are  rather  sparingly 
covered  with  small  granules.  Peristome  subcircular,  periproct  subpen- 
tagonal,  and  Cotteau  says  a  little  larger  than  the  peristome.  Spines  elongate, 
cylindrical,  acuminate  distally,  furnished  with  granules  disposed  in  longi- 
tudinal series,  more  prominent  toward  the  base.  The  upper  end  of  the 
spine  appears  to  be  quite  smooth. 

In  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  there  are  2  specimens  of  tests  and  3 
spines  which  are  evidently  the  originals  of  Cotteau's  figures.  In 


22  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Cotteau's  figure  of  the  larger  specimen  he  has  restored  the  outlines 
so  as  not  to  show  the  lateral  crushing.  The  larger  crushed  test  measures 
15  mm.  in  height,  17.5  mm.  across  the  plane  of  crushing,  and  26  mm. 
in  the  plane  of  crushing  at  the  mid-zone  (plate  1,  fig.  12).  The  width 
of  an  ambulacrum  at  the  mid-zone  is  3.5  mm.  and  of  an  interam- 
bulacrum  is  9  mm.  Eight  ambulacral  plates  abut  against  an  inter- 
ambulacral  plate  at  the  mid-zone.  In  this  specimen  there  are  6 
interambulacral  plates  in  a  column  in  each  area.  As  noted  in  the 
description,  Cotteau  says  that  the  periproct  is  a  little  larger  than  the 
peristome,  but  as  far  as  one  can  judge  in  their  somewhat  crushed 
condition,  it  appears  that  they  are  practically  of  the  same  size.  In 
the  smaller  specimen,  which  is  not  crushed  at  all,  the  periproct  and 
peristome  are  of  the  same  size.  This  matter  of  similar  size  of  periproct 
and  peristome  is  a  good  character  to  distinguish  melitensis  from  the 
nearly  allied  C.  tribuloides,  in  which  the  peristome  is  larger  than  the 
apical  disk.  The  smaller  test  is  better  preserved,  not  being  compressed. 
It  measures  9  mm.  in  height  and  17  mm.  in  diameter;  width  of  ambu- 
lacrum 2.5  mm.,  of  interambulacrum  7  mm.  The  diameters  of  the 
periproct  and  peristome  measure  about  8  mm.  each.  In  this  smaller 
specimen  there  are  either  5  or  6  plates  in  each  interambulacral  column, 
in  some  columns  the  sixth  plate  not  yet  having  appeared,  whereas 
the  larger  specimen  had  6  plates  in  each  column.  The  youngest  plates 
dorsally  bear  tubercles,  but  they  have  not  yet  developed  perforations, 
this  being  the  typical  character  of  young  plates  dorsally  in  Cidaris. 
The  spines  measure  up  to  20.5  mm.  in  length  and  3  mm.  in  diameter 
at  the  widest  part. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum 
3  fragmentary  tests  in  the  Guppy  collection  which  probably  were  not 
collected  by  Cleve  or  studied  by  Cotteau.  They  have  5  or  6  plates 
in  each  interambulacral  column,  and  one  of  them  shows  apophyses  of 
the  perignathic  girdle  for  the  attachment  of  lantern  muscles. 

Cidaris  melitensis  is  closely  allied  to  C.  tribuloides,  but  is  at  once 
distinguished  by  its  much  more  sparsely  tuberculated  coronal  plates 
and  wider  ambulacra;  also  by  the  fact  that  in  melitensis  the  peristome 
and  apical  disk  are  practically  of  the  same  diameter,  whereas  in  tribu- 
loides the  peristome  is  much  wider  than  the  apical  disk. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  2  tests  and  3  spines,  evidently  the  originals  of  Cotteau's 
plate  1,  figs.  1-10,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115399.  Anguilla,  Guppy 
collection,  3  fragmentary  tests,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115412.  Miocene, 
a  single  fragmentary  spine,  evidently  referable  to  this  species  from 
(loc.  11)  Mayo  Village  Quarry,  Trinidad,  F.  W.  Penny  collector, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  8583.  Miocene,  2  small  spines  12  and  14  mm. 
long  respectively,  apparently  attributable  to  this  species,  are  from 
the  Gurabo  formation,  Rio  Mao,  one-half  mile  above  ford  at  Cercado 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CENTRECHINOIDA.  23 

de  Mao,  Dominican  Republic,  T.  W.  Vaughan  and  C.  W.  Cooke 
collectors,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  8519. 

Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck). 

(Plate  1,  Figures  18  to  20.) 
Cidarites  tribuloides  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  3,  p.  56. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Test  moderate-sized,  circular,  ambulacra  flush,  very  narrow;  pores  in 
ambulacral  plates  crowded;  interporiferous  areas  narrow  with  crowded 
tubercles.  Interambulacral  plates  with  prominent  tubercles  and  very 
large  areolae;  space  around  scrobicules  densely  packed  with  small  tuber- 
cles. Diameter  of  peristome  much  greater  than  that  of  the  apical  disk. 

This  Recent  species,  which  is  abundant  in  the  living  fauna  of  the 
West  Indies,  has  not  been  previously  recorded  as  occurring  fossil  in 
that  region.  Two  finely  preserved  tests  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum 
are  clearly  referable  to  the  species.  The  larger  of  the  two  measures 
17  mm.  in  height,  29  mm.  in  diameter;  width  of  ambulacrum  at 
the  mid-zone  4  mm. ;  width  of  interambulacrum  at  the  mid-zone  13  mm. 
The  diameter  of  the  periproct  is  11  mm.  and  the  diameter  of  the  peris- 
tome  is  14  mm.  There  are  6  or  7  plates  in  each  interambulacral 
column,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  smaller  specimen. 

Cidaris  tribuloides  is  close  to  C.  melitensis,  but  differs  from  that 
species  as  there  described,  the  main  features  of  difference  being  the 
narrow  ambulacra,  crowded  ambulacral  pores,  and  the  greater  diameter 
of  peristome  than  apical  disk  in  tribuloides.  This  species  occurred 
in  the  same  lot  with  Echinometra  prisca  and  Echinoneus  cyclostomus, 
both  of  which  are  found  in  the  Oligocene  of  Anguilla,  all  as  stated 
under  those  species. 

Miocene  (?),  Santiago  de  Cuba,  received  January  29,  1910,  2  com- 
plete tests  and  3  fragmentary  tests,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  5255, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328221. 

Order  CENTRECHINOIDA  Jackson,  1912. 
Suborder  AULODONTA  Jackson,  1912. 

Family  PEDINED^E  Gregory,  1900. 
Genus  ECHINOPEDENA  Cotteau,  1866. 

Type  species. — Echinopsis  gacheti  Agassiz,  1846,  Catalogue  Raisonne, 
Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  6,  p.  355. 

Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau. 
(Plate  2,  Figure  1.) 

Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau,  1881,  Annal.  Soc.  Geol.  de  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  9,  plate  1, 
figs.  1  to  6;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  16,  plate  2,  figs.  1  to  6. 

Regular  Echini  other  than  the  Cidaroida  appear  to  be  extremely 
rare  as  fossils  in  the  West  Indies,  while  a  few  have  been  described 


24  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE  WEST   INDIES. 

by  Cotteau,  in  the  collections  that  I  have  seen,  only  two  species  occurred, 
namely,  Echinometra  prisca  and  one  other  which  is  provisionally  placed 
here. 

The  specimen  here  described  is  so  much  worn  that  it  is  not  certain 
what  the  species  is,  yet  it  shows  a  good  many  characters  worth  record- 
ing. Test  circular,  low,  rounded,  dome-shaped,  flattened  on  the  lower 
side;  ambulacral  plates  narrow,  compound;  the  pores  in  arcs  of  3 
pairs  to  each  plate ;  interambulacra  twice  the  width  of  the  ambulacra 
at  the  mid-zone.  The  surface  of  the  test  is  so  worn  that  while  sutures 
can  be  made  out,  no  external  characters  are  retained.  Genital  and 
ocular  plates  are  in  place,  and  though  indistinct,  the  genitals  appar- 
ently meet  in  a  ring,  shutting  out  the  oculars  from  the  periproct. 
Height  of  specimen  13  mm.,  diameter  29  mm. 

Miocene,  Gurabo  formation,  Rio  Gurabo,  above  Gurabo  Adentro, 
District  of  Monte  Christi,  Dominican  Republic;  T.  W.  Vaughan  and 
C.  W.  Cooke  collectors,  May  1919,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 
station  8547,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328232.  Cotteau  gives  as  locality 
in  his  original  description,  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  and  ascribes  this  species 
to  the  Eocene. 

FamUy  HEMIdDARTD^  Wright,  1857. 
Genus  CODIOPSIS  Agassiz,  1840. 

Type  species. — Echinus  doma  Defrance,  1825,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol. 
37,  p.  101. 

Codiopsis  arnaudi  Cotteau. 

Codiopsis  arnaudi  Cotteau,  1862-67,  Paleontologie  Francaise,  vol.  7,  p.  786,  plate  1192, 
figs.  12  to!8;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  14,  plate  1,  figs.  10  to  15. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  the  Cretaceous  of  France. 
I  have  not  seen  any  West  Indian  material,  but  Cotteau  ascribes  to 
this  species  a  specimen  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Santa  Lucia,  Province 
of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba. 

Suborder  STIRODONTA  Jackson,  1912. 

Family  SALENHD^B  Duncan  and  Sladen,  1887. 

Genus  SALENIA  Gray,  1835. 

Type  species. — Cidarites  scutigera  Miinster  in  Goldfuss,  1829,  Petre- 
facta  Germanise,  vol.  1,  p.  121,  plate  49,  figs.  4a,  46. 

Salenia  scutigera  (Miinster). 

Cidarites  scutigera  Miinster,  loc.  cit. 

Salenia  scutigera  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  8,  plate  1,  figs.  1  to  3. 

To  this  species,  described  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Europe,  Cotteau 
refers  a  single  specimen  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Santa  Lucia,  Province 
of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba,  Coll.  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espafia. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CENTRECHINOIDA.  25 

Family  PHYMOSOMATHXE  Meissner,  1903. 
Genus  PHYMOSOMA  Haime,  1853.1 

Type  species. — Cidaris  konigii  Mantell,  1822,  Geology  of  Sussex, 
p.  189. 

Phymosoma  cubense  (Egozcue). 

Cyphosoma  cubense  Egozcue  in  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  12, 
plate  1,  figs.  4  to  9. 

Cretaceous,  ingenio  Concepci6n  de  Montalvo,  Cienfuegos,  Province 
of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba,  very  rare,  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa 
Geologico  de  Espafia,  Madrid. 

Suborder  CAMERODONTA  Jackson,  1912. 

Family  ECHENOMETRIDJi;  Gray,  1855. 

Genus  ECHINOMETRA  Gray,  1825. 

Type  species.— Echinus  lucunter  Linne,  1758,  Sys.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  p.  665. 

Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau. 
(Plate  1,  Figures  21  to  24.) 

Echinometra  acufera  Guppy    (non  Blainville),  1866,    Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol. 

22.  p.  299. 
Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  12, 

plate  1,  figs.  19  to  27.    Guppy,  1882,  Scient.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  195. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this 
species : 

Species  of  relatively  small  size,  elongate,  oblique.  Upper  face  moderately 
swollen,  lower  face  slightly  hollowed.  Ambulacral  areas  straight  dorsally, 
subundulate  at  the  ambitus  and  ventrally.  Pores  small;  rounded,  in  arcs 
of  3  or  4  pairs.  Ambulacral  areas  wide,  with  2  rows  of  tubercles  which  are 
strongly  mammillate,  regularly  disposed,  diminishing  in  size  toward  the 
peristome  and  apical  disk.  Space  between  the  2  rows  of  tubercles  occupied 
by  some  granules  irregularly  disposed.  Interambulacral  areas  with  2  rows 
of  prominent  tubercles  similar  to  those  of  the  ambulacra!  areas,  a  little 
more  developed,  however,  especially  dorsally.  Accompanying  these  primary 
tubercles  are  4  rows  of  secondary  tubercles,  1  on  each  side  of  the  ambulacral 
areas  and  2  in  the  miliary  zone.  The  secondary  tubercles,  which  are  much 
smaller  than  the  others,  especially  those  which  occupy  the  middle  of  the 
miliary  area,  form  incomplete  ranges,  a  little  irregular,  which  disappear 
dorsally  and  before  arriving  at  the  peristome.  The  granules  which  accom- 
pany these  are  very  unequal  and  are  placed  without  order,  tending,  how- 
ever, to  group  themselves  around  the  tubercles  of  the  upper  side.  Peristome 
very  large,  subcircular,  a  little  oval,  with  weak  cuts,  strengthened  on  the 
border. 

The  largest  specimen  from  Anguilla  measures  16  mm.  in  height, 
33.5  mm.  in  length,  and  27.5  mm.  in  width.  A  smaller  specimen,  very 
well  preserved,  also  from  Anguilla,  measures  11  mm.  in  height,  24.5 

1  The  name  Cyphosoma  for  the  genus  was  preoccupied  for  Coleoptera  and  the  name  Phymosoma 
of  Haime  was  substituted  by  A.  Agassiz,  Revision  of  the  Echini,  pt.  1,  p.  151. 


26  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

mm.  in  length,  and  19  mm.  in  width.  The  large  specimen  mentioned 
shows  the  auricles  extending  vertically  and  joined  in  suture  over  the 
ambulacrum  as  usual  in  the  genus.  The  species  superficially  resem- 
bles Echinometra  lucunter,  which  is  abundant  in  the  living  West  Indian 
fauna,  but  so  far  has  not  been  found  fossil.  It  differs  strongly  in  that 
lucunter  has  pore-pairs  in  arcs  of  7  to  8  pairs  in  each  plate,  whereas 
prisca  has  only  3  or  4  pairs  to  a  plate.  Some  specimens  show  3  only, 
as  far  as  preserved,  others  show  3  or  4  pore-pairs,  and  a  specimen  from 
Cuba  (station  5255)  shows  4  pairs  to  a  plate  throughout.  Cotteau's 
figure  22  of  an  ambulacrum,  enlarged,  shows  3  pore-pairs  only  to  a 
plate.  The  ambulacra  in  lucunter  widen  to  the  peristomal  border, 
whereas  in  prisca  they  become  narrow  at  this  area.  These  two  are 
sufficient  characters  to  separate  the  two  species,  which  at  first  sight 
look  alike. 

Echinometra  prisca  with  its  few  pore-pairs  is  a  very  primitive  species 
in  the  genus,  being  comparable  to  the  young  of  lucunter  and  other 
species.  Moreover,  it  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  occurring  fossil, 
as  far  as  I  am  aware.  The  Recent  species  of  Echinometra  have  from 
4  to  8  or  9  pore-pairs  to  a  plate,  and  it  is  most  interesting  that  this 
fossil  species  with  only  3  or  4  pairs  to  a  plate  makes  such  an  approach 
to  the  next  lower  family,  the  Echinidse,  which  is  characterized  by  3 
pore-pairs  to  a  plate. 

The  feature  of  the  pore-pairs  in  the  ambulacral  plates  of  Echinometra 
prisca,  as  described,  is  in  direct  accord  with  the  important  principle 
that  in  a  genetic  series  the  characters  in  the  young  of  a  higher  group 
and  also  in  the  geologically  oldest  members  of  the  higher  group  make 
a  close  approach  to  the  characters  of  the  adults  of  a  more  primitive 
group  in  a  phylogenetic  series. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  8  specimens,  cotypes,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115398.  Anguilla, 
Guppy  collection,  4  specimens,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115414.  Road 
Bay,  south  side,  near  western  end  of  point  on  north  side  of  Bay, 
Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol. 
Sur.  station  6969a.  Geologic  age  doubtful,  Santiago  de  Cuba,  1 
specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  5255,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328222. 
Cliff  face,  east  shore  of  Guanica  Harbor,  Porto  Rico,  300  feet  south  of 
small  cave  of  station  341 ;  the  beds  are  a  shaly  limestone,  somewhat 
stratified,  1  specimen,  C.  A.  Reeds  collector,  station  375,  Expedition 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government 
and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 


SYSTEMATIC  DESCRIPTIONS— HOLECTYPINA.  27 


IRREGULAR  OR  EXOCYCLIC  ECHINI. 

THE  EXOCYCLOIDA. 

While  the  regular  or  endocyclic  Echini  occurring  fossil  in  the  West 
Indies  are  very  rare  for  the  most  part  and  represented  by  but  very 
few  species  outside  of  the  Cidaridae,  on  the  other  hand  the  exocyclic 
Echini  are  abundant  in  species  and  often  in  individuals.  With  but 
few  holectypoids,  the  clypeastroids  are  abundant  in  species  and  in- 
dividuals, and  there  are  many  species  of  spatangoids. 

Clypeastroids  usually  have  thick,  solid  tests  well  adapted  for  pre- 
servation as  fossils;  but  spatangoids,  on  the  other  hand,  often  have 
thin,  delicate  tests  which,  as  fossils,  are  frequently  crushed  beyond 
recognition. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Suborders  of  Exocycloida. 
Peristome  central,  jaws  present. 

Ambulacral  plates  compound  or  largely  simple,  areas  non-petaloid  dorsally;  ambitus 

oval  or  circular,  but  test  when  circular  is  not  discoidal HOLECTYPINA 

Ambulacral  plates  simple,  areas  petaloid  dorsally;   when  the  ambitus  is  circular  the 

test  is  discoidal CLYPEASTRINA 

Peristome  eccentric,  without  jaws SPATANGINA 

The  Holectypina  are  represented  in  the  fossil  West  Indian  fauna 
by  only  3  genera  and  the  same  number  of  species.  The  Clypeastrina 
are  represented  by  8  genera  and  numerous  species.  The  Spatangina 
are  represented  by  19  genera  and  numerous  species. 

Order  EXOCYCLOIDA  Jackson,  1912. 
Suborder  HOLECTYPINA  Gregory,  1900. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Holectypina. 

Ambitus  oval;    periproct  marginal  or  supramarginal Conulus  antillensis 

Ambitus  circular;  periproct  on  oral  surface. 

Test  high,   vertical  diameter  not  much  less  than  horizontal  diameter;   periproct 

broadly  oval.     Genital  2  much  larger  than  other  genitals. . . .   Lanieria  lanieri 
Test  depressed,  vertical  diameter  only  about  60  per  cent  of  horizontal  diameter; 
periproct    narrowly    elliptical.      Genital    2    not    much    larger    than    other 
genitals Discoidea  decor ata 

Genus  CONULUS  Leske,  1778. 

Type  species. — Conulus  albogalerus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein,  p.  98. 

The  name  Echinoconus,  a  pre-Linnsean  name,  gives  way  to  Conulus 
Leske,  which  is  the  name  first  used  after  Linnaeus.  Galerites  of  Lamarck 
is  the  same  thing,  but  is  a  later  name  than  Conulus  and  therefore  be- 
comes a  synonym. 

Conulus  antillensis  (Cotteau). 

Echinoconus  antillensis  Cotteau,  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Ge'ol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  13,  plate  2,  figs. 
1,  2;   1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  21,  plate  3,  figs.  1,  2. 

Cotteau  says  that  this  species  is  known  only  from  a  single  specimen, 
which  he  attributes  to  the  Cretaceous.  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  collection 
of  M.  Moens,  in  Lede. 


28  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Genus  LANIERIA  Duncan,  1889. 

Type  species. — Echinoconus  lanieri  Cotteau,  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol. 
Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  11. 

Lanieria  lanieri  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  2,  Figures  2  to  5.) 

Echinoconus  lanieri  Cotteau,  1881.  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  11,  plate  1,  figs. 
7  to  13.  A.  Agassiz,  1883,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  p.  88.  Cotteau, 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafla,  vol.  22,  p.  19,  plate  2,  figs.  7  to  13. 

Lanieria  lanieri  Hawkins,  1913,  Geol.  Mag.,  vol.  10,  p.  200,  figs.  A,  B. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this 
species: 

Species  of  small  size,  high,  circular,  globular;  upper  face  rounded,  some- 
times subconical;  lower  face  flattened  around  the  peristome.  Ambulacra 
straight,  a  little  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  interambulacra ;  ambulacral 
pores  very  small,  close  together,  separated  by  a  small  elevation,  very  directly 
superposed,  showing  toward  the  ambitus  and  as  far  as  the  peristome  a 
tendency,  more  or  less  pronounced,  to  group  themselves  in  triple  pairs. 
Tubercles  small,  crenulate,  perforate,  increasing  in  size  on  the  ventral 
face,  disposed  in  horizontal  and  vertical  series,  somewhat  irregular,  and 
the  number  varying  with  the  size  of  the  individual.  The  space  between 
the  tubercles  is  occupied  by  granules  grouped  around  the  scrobicules. 
Peristome  small,  circular,  central;  periproct  large,  elliptical,  acuminate 
on  its  adapical  border,  situated  on  lower  face,  very  near  the  peristome. 
Apical  disk  prominent,  pentagonal,  with  very  large  genital  pores;  the 
madreporite  extending  to  the  center  of  the  disk  which  it  fills ;  ocular  plates 
small,  triangular,  separating  the  genitals  and  broadly  in  contact  with  the 
extended  madreporite. 

Of  this  very  pretty  species  there  are  4  specimens  in  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  The  largest  of  these  measures  18  mm. 
in  height  and  23  mm.  in  diameter.  Another  and  more  globular  speci- 
men measures  17  mm.  in  height  and  19.5  mm.  in  diameter.  This 
species  has  been  attributed  to  d'Orbigny,  who  gave  the  name  Galerites 
lanieri  on  plates  of  fossils  of  Cuba,  but  as  Cotteau  says  that  the  plates 
were  never  published,  it  is  evidently  a  manuscript  name  and  the  species 
should  be  attributed  to  Cotteau  as  above.  Hawkins  gives  an  inter- 
esting study  of  this  species,  and  selects  one  of  Cotteau 's  figured  speci- 
mens as  the  type.  This  specimen,  which  was  in  the  Dewalque  collec- 
tion, is  now  in  the  British  Museum  (E.  4570). 

Cretaceous,  Cuba,  T.  A.  Conrad  collector,  4  specimens,  Philadelphia 
Academy  Nat.  Sci.  No.  1505.  There  is  no  detailed  locality  with  the 
Philadelphia  specimens,  but  Cotteau  gives  the  locality  Cienfuegos, 
Cuba,  which  in  his  original  publication  he  considers  Eocene.  In  the 
Spanish  report,  however,  he  refers  it  to  the  Cretaceous.  He  cites 
material  from  the  collections  of  Dewalque  in  Liege,  Vidal  in  Barcelona, 
Cotteau  in  Paris,  and  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  in  Madrid.  A. 
Agassiz  lists  the  species  as  occurring  in  the  Miocene  of  Guadeloupe, 
which  is  probably  a  mistake. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA.  29 

Genus  DISCOIDEA  Gray,  1825. 

Type  species. — Echinites  subuculus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein,  p.  107. 

Discoidea  decorata  Desor. 

Discoidea  decorata  Desor,  1842,  Monog.  des  Galerites,  p.  63,  plate  8,  figs.  1  to  3.     Cotteau, 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafta,  vol.  22,  p.  23,  plate  12,  figs.  1  to  7. 

Occurring  in  the  Cretaceous  of  Europe,  this  species  is  also  found 
fossil  in  the  West  Indies. 

Cretaceous,  Cienfuegos,  province  of  Santa  Clara,  island  of  Cuba. 
Many  specimens  in  the  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico 
de  Espafia,  Madrid. 

Order  EXOCYCLOIDA  Jackson,  1912. 
Suborder  CLYPEASTRINA  Gregory,  1900. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Genera  of  Clypeastrina. 

Test  without  lunule  or  marginal  slits. 

Madreporic  pore  single,  test  very  small  and  flattened Sismondia 

Madreporic  pores  several  or  many. 

Poriferous  areas  of  petals  divergent,  not  incurved  distally Anomalanthus 

Poriferous  areas  of  petals  more  or  less  incurved  distally. 
Test  high,  or  if  flattened,  with  thickened  margins;  petals  broad,  often  rounded  or 

truncate  at   tip;    auricles   separate Cly peaster 

Test  flat;  auricles  fused  into  one  piece. 
Petals  narrow  and  pointed. 

Genital  pores  5 Laganum 

Genital  pores  4 Peronetta 

Petals  wide,  blunt,  more  or  less  widely  open  at  tip Echinarochnius 

Test  flat,  with  lunules  or  marginal  slits  and  notches. 

Genital  pores  5;  test  tending  to  be  heavy,  and  lunules  (or  marginal  notches)  wide. .   Encope 
Genital  pores  4;   test  very  flat,  tending  to  be  fragile,  with  lunules  narrow Mellita 

Of  the  genera  of  the  Clypeastrina  found  fossil  in  the  West  Indies, 
the  following  number  of  species  have  been  recognized : 

Under  Sismondia  there  are  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  29). 

Under  Anomalanthus  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Anomalanthus  gregoryi. 

Under  Clypeaster  there  are  19  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  32). 

Under  Laganum  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Laganum  elongatum. 

Under  Peronella  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Peronella  mirabilis,  sp.  nov. 

Under  Echinarachnius  there  is  only  1  fossil  species,  Echinarachnius  sebastiani,  sp.  nov. 

Under  Encope  there  are  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  50). 

Under  Mellita  there  is  only  1  fossil  species. 


Family  FIBULARHD^E  Gray,  1855. 
Genus  SISMONDIA  Desor,  1858. 

Type  species. — Scutella  occitana  Defrance,    1827,   Diet.  Sci.   Nat., 
vol.  48,  p.  231. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Sismondia. 

Test  very  flat,  petals  somewhat  pointed  at  tip 5.  antillarum 

Test  moderately  high  (height  equals  one-third  of  length) ;   petals  blunt,  open 5.  anguilla 


30  FOSSIL   ECHINI    OF  THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Sismondia  antillarum  Cotteau. 
(Plate  2,  Figures  6,  7.) 

Sismondia  ontillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  17, 
plate  3,  figs.  1  to  4. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this 
species: 

Species  of  small  size,  rounded,  slightly  pentagonal,  a  little  angular  anteri- 
orly. Upper  face  nearly  flat,  thickened  on  the  border,  subdepressed  around 
ambulacral  petals;  apical  disk  central.  Ambulacral  petals  short,  narrow, 
subcostulate,  closed  at  the  tips.  Ambulacral  pores  very  unequal,  the  internal 
rounded,  the  outer  narrowed,  oblique,  elongate.  Beyond  the  petals  the 
pores  are  no  longer  visible,  but  reappear  on  the  ventral  side,  though  few 
and  rare.  Tubercles  of  small  size,  numerous,  crowded,  homogeneous. 
Periproct  circular,  nearer  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  test  than  to  the 
peristome,  which  is  not  preserved  in  the  single  known  specimen. 

The  material  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  consists  of  one  quite 
complete  specimen,  evidently  the  original  of  Cotteau's  figures,  and 
a  fragment,  about  one-half  of  a  test.  Cotteau  says  there  is  only  one 
specimen,  so  this  second  one  may  have  come  in  later.  The  complete 
specimen  measures  3.25  mm.  in  height,  13.5  mm.  in  length,  and  13  mm. 
in  width  through  ambulacra  II  and  IV.  These  measurements  are 
slightly  greater  than  those  given  by  Cotteau,  but  in  a  number  of 
specimens  measured  I  do  not  find  that  my  measurements  quite  agree 
with  his.  The  specimen  does  not  show  the  genital  and  ocular  pores, 
but  a  pit,  dorsal  to  interambulacrum  2,  appears  to  be  the  single  madre- 
poric  pore  which  is  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy 
collection  ex  Cleve,  the  holotype,  the  original  of  Cotteau's  figures,  and 
an  additional  fragmentary  specimen,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115394. 

Sismondia  anguillas  Cotteau. 
(Plate  2,  Figures  8,  9.) 

Sismondia  anguilla  Cotteau.  1875.  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6.  p.  18. 

plate  3,  figs.  5  to  8. 
Sismondia  antillarum   Brown,  1914   (non  Cotteau).  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.    Sci..  Philadelphia, 

vol.  65,  p.  601. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this 
species: 

Species  of  small  size,  rounded,  slightly  oval,  a  little  angular  anteriorly; 
upper  face  convex,  lower  face  depressed,  concave  in  the  middle.  Apex 
central.  Ambulacral  petals  relatively  large,  subcostulate,  open  at  their 
tips.  Ambulacral  pores  very  unequal,  the  inner  ones  rounded,  the  outer 
narrow,  oblique,  and  very  elongate.  At  some  distance  from  the  border 
of  the  test  the  pores  cease  to  be  petaloid,  becoming  equal,  rounded,  and 
disposed  in  oblique  pairs.  They  are  not  visible  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
test.  Tubercles  are  crowded,  abundant,  homogeneous.  Periproct  circular, 
situated  about  halfway  from  the  peristome  to  the  posterior  border  of  the 
test,  but  a  little  nearer  to  the  latter.  Peristome  rounded,  opening  in  the 
middle  of  the  lower  face  in  a  deep  depression. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS CLYPEASTRINA.  31 

The  specimen  measures  3.5  mm.  in  height,  10.5  mm.  in  length 
through  ambulacrum  III  and  interambulacrum  5,  and  10  mm.  in 
width.  The  genital  pores  were  made  out  above  the  interambulacra 
2,  3,  and  4,  but  did  not  show  in  area  1,  where  one  doubtless  existed.  The 
genital  pore  is  absent  in  area  5  as  a  typical  character.  The  ambulacral 
pores  on  the  ventral  side  are  indicated  in  Cotteau's  figure  7,  but  he 
states  in  the  text  that  they  are  invisible  on  the  lower  side,  and  I  could 
not  perceive  any  trace  of  them.  This  species  is  easily  distinguished 
from  antillarum  by  its  more  elevated  test  and  open  petals. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  the  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115421.  Antigua 
formation,  Willoughby  Bay,  Antigua,  A.  P.  Brown  collector,  1913, 
2  specimens,  Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  No.  1662. 


Family  CLYPEASTRTD^E  A.  Agassiz,  1873. 

Genus  ANOMALANTHUS  Bell,  1884. 
Anamalanthus  Bell,  1884,  Proc.  Zo61.  Soc.  London,  p.  43,  plates  2.  3. 

Type  species. — Echinanthus  tumidus  Tenison- Woods,  1878,  Proc. 
Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  vol.  2,  p.  169. 

This  genus,  Anomalanthus,  is  based  on  a  Recent  species  from  Aus- 
tralia, but  of  somewhat  doubtful  locality.  This  Recent  species  with 
the  following  are  the  only  species  so  far  attributed  to  the  genus. 

Anomalanthus  gregoryi  Lambert. 

Anomalanthus  gregoryi  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p. 
27.  plate  [unnumbered],  figs.  1,  2. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Test  large,  ovoid,  subhemispherical,  177  mm.  in  length,  101  mm.  in 
width,  and  57  mm.  in  height.  Apical  disk  slightly  anterior.  Ambulacral 
petals  very  long,  widely  flaring,  ventrally  moderately  concave,  peristome 
inframarginal. 

As  the  petals,  though  very  flaring,  curve  in  slightly  at  the  distal 
ends  in  A.  gregoryi,  also  as  the  periproct  is  inframarginal,  it  is  doubtful 
if  the  species  should  be  referred  to  Anomalanthus.  In  the  type  of 
that  genus  the  petals  are  flaring  and  straight  throughout  and  the  peri- 
proct is  marginal,  both  of  which  characters  distinguish  Anomalanthus 
from  Clypeaster.  While  gregoryi  is  very  close  to  Anomalanthus,  it 
seems  to  have  characters  of  both  the  allied  genera. 

"Miocene,"  Antigua.  Lambert  says  that  the  matrix  differs  from  that 
of  other  "Miocene"  [Oligocene]  Echini  of  Antigua  and  indicates  a 
different  bed,  J.  W.  Gregory  collector,  1899,  collection  of  British 
Museum. 


32  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Genus  CLYPEASTER  Lamarck,  1801. 

Type  species. — Echinus  rosaceus  Linne,  l758,Syst.Nat.,ed.  10, p.  665. 

The  genus  Clypeaster  is  represented  by  many  species,  19  occurring 
fossil  in  the  fauna  of  the  West  Indies.  The  species  have  so  much 
variation,  and  the  characters  of  different  species  run  so  close,  that 
Doctor  Clark's  expert  opinion  in  diagnosing  them  has  been  of  the  great- 
est value  in  describing  the  material  and  arriving  at  conclusions  as  to 
what  should  be  considered  as  distinct  species. 

Many  fossil  species  have  been  described  by  Cotteau  and  other 
authors  from  this  region,  but  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  add  5 
new  ones  to  include  material  that  could  not  find  a  place  in  those  already 
described.  On  account  of  the  closeness  and  difficulty  of  identifying 
species  of  Clypeaster,  I  have  given  under  each  species  the  essential 
diagnostic  characters,  even  where  there  were  no  available  specimens. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Clypeaster. 

] .   Oral  surface  of  the  test  deeply  concave. 

A .   Poriferous  areas  of  petals  more  or  less  incurved  at  tip,  often  nearly  or  quite  closing 
petal;  if  petals  are  widely  open,  the  interporiferous  area  is  broadly 
obovate. 
B.   Petals  more  or  less  obovate;   interporiferous  area  near  proximal  end  only  about 

half  as  wide  as  it  is  where  widest. 
C.   Mouth  and  apical  system  approximately  central. 
D.   Width  of  test  85  per  cent  of  length,  or  less. 

E.    Test  not  excessively  arched  nor  interporiferous  areas  remarkably  swollen. 

F.   Petals  more  or  less  widely  open C.  rosaceus 

FF.   Petals  more  or  less  nearly  closed. 

G.  Test  with  a  more  or  less  evident  flat  area,  distal  to  petals;  poriferous 
areas,  especially  of  petals  II  and  IV,  rather  markedly  wider  near 
tips,  which  bend  in  somewhat  abruptly  and  nearly  meet.  . . .  C.  concavus 
GG.  Test  more  uniformly  arched,  with  no  flattened  area  distal  to  petals; 
poriferous  areas  not  markedly  widened  near  tips,  which,  after 
bending  inwards,  turn  abruptly  outwards  and  run  parallel  for  a 

short  distance C.  caudatus 

EE.    Test  excessively  arched  and  interporiferous  areas  remarkably  swollen..  C.  dalli 

DD.   Width  of  test  90  per  cent  of  length,  or  more C.  cubensis 

CC.   Apical   system    distinctly    excentric    posteriorly,  mouth    perhaps    posterior; 

petals  very  large,  posterior  pair  reaching  nearly  to  the  ambitus..  C.  parr  a 
BB.   Petals  long,  elliptical;   interporiferous  areas  not  twice  as  wide  distally,  or  near 

middle  as  proximally. 

H.  Test  narrow  anteriorly,  its  width  just  in  front  of  petals  II  and  IV 
about  70  per  cent  of  length;  petaloid  area  small,  its  length  about 
60  per  cent  of  test  length;  tips  of  petals  II  and  IV  nearly  closed 

and  rather  abruptly  so,  as  though  pinched  together C.  lanceolatus 

HH.   Test  in  front  of  petals  II  and  IV  with  width  about  80  per  cent  of 
length;    petaloid  area  large;  with  its  length  about   70  per  cent  of 
test  length;  tips  of  petals  II  and  IV  more  or  less  widely  open..  C.  antillarum 
A  A .    Poriferous  areas  of  petals  not  strongly  incurved  at  tip;  petals  widely  open. 
/.   Petals  rounded  and  poriferous  areas  incurved  at  tip,  at  least  a  little. 
J.   Sides  of  interporiferous  areas  convex,  converging  slightly  near  tip. 

K.   Petals  all  marked  with  distinct  furrows  connecting  the  pores  of  a  pair,  test 

more  or  less  arched ;    test  margin  moderately  thin C.  planipetalus 

KK.  Petals  very  indistinct,  with  furrows  connecting  pore-pairs  shallow,  or  nearly 

wanting;    test  flat  with  very  thick  margin C.  cryptopetalus 

JJ.   Sides  of  interporiferous  areas  nearly  or  quite  straight  and  even  a  little  diverging 

in  some  cases C.  cotteaui 

II.   Petals  truncate  and  poriferous  areas  more  or  less  so. 

L.   Petaloid  area  two-thirds  of  test  length C.  batheri 

LL.   Petaloid  area  distinctly  more  than  two-thirds  of  test  length C.  parvus 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA.  33 

Key  to  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Clypeaster — Continued. 

2.   Oral  surface  of  test  slightly  concave  or  flat,  with  mouth  more  or  less  sunken. 
M .   Test  convex,  sloping  upward  more  or  less  uniformly  from  the  thick  margin. 

N.    Height  of  test  equal  to  or  exceeding  one-half  its  width C.  duchassaingi 

NN.    Height  of  test  not  more  than  one-third  its  width C.  ambigenus 

MM.   Test  flattened;    if  petaloid  area  is  elevated,  it  does  not  slope  upward  evenly 

from  margin. 
O.   Test  with  thin,  uniformly  sloping  margin. 

P.   Test  very  flat,  with  flush  petaloid  area C.  placenloides 

PP.   Test  not  flat,  its  petaloid  area  conspicuously  elevated C.  meridanensis 

GO.   Test  with  very  thick,  more  or  less  swollen  margins. 

Q.   Oral  surface  distinctly  concave C.  oxybaphon 

QQ.   Oral  surface  perfectly  flat C.  platygaster 


Clypeaster  rosaceus  (Linne). 

Echinus  rosaceus  Linne,  1758,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  p.  665. 

Clypeaster  rosaceus  Lamarck,  1801,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  p.  349.     Cotteau,   1897,   Bol.  Com. 

Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  29,  plate  5,  figs.  1  to  5.    Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc. 

d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  19. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

This  well-known  living  species,  occurring  abundantly  in  the  Recent 
fauna  of  the  West  Indies,  also  occurs  fossil  in  the  same  region.  Test  very 
large,  pentagonal  in  outline,  the  sides  and  posterior  end  being  somewhat 
concave,  the  anterior  end  bluntly  pointed,  and  margin  thick.  The  upper 
surface  is  convex,  very  variable  in  the  height  and  width  of  the  test,  but 
Dr.  H.  L.  Clark  says  he  has  never  seen  a  specimen  in  which  the  width 
equaled  85  per  cent  of  the  length.  The  under  surface  is  flat  near  the  margin, 
but  deeply  concave  to  the  peristomal  opening.  The  ambulacral  petals 
are  very  broad,  usually  strongly  elevated.  The  interporiferous  area  is 
almost  always  markedly  obovate,  especially  in  the  anterior  petals  II  and 
IV.  In  the  poriferous  areas  there  are  6  to  9  primary  tubercles  on  the  ridges 
between  the  pore-pairs.  The  interambulacral  areas  are  very  narrow,  espe- 
cially at  the  margin.  Apical  disk  is  central,  peristome  pentagonal,  central, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  deep  central  cavity;  periproct  small  on  the  ventral 
side,  but  near  the  posterior  border  of  the  test. 

A  very  fine  large  specimen,  collected  by  Mr.  Mitchell  in  Porto  Rico, 
gives  the  following  measurements:  height,  45  mm.;  length  through 
ambulacrum  III  and  interambulacrum  5,  132  mm.;  width,  107  mm. 

This  species  seems  to  be  peculiar  in  its  distribution  as  a  fossil.  It  is 
quite  abundant  in  Porto  Rico  and  is  reported  by  Cotteau  from  Cuba, 
but  excepting  Lambert's  I  do  not  know  of  definite  records  of  fossil 
material  from  other  islands  of  the  West  Indies.  It  is  such  a 
massive,  solid  species  it  should  have  been  preserved  if  it  had  occurred. 

Desor  (1858,  Synopsis  des  Echinides,  p.  244)  notes  that  rosaceus 
occurs  fossil  and  says  "Des  Antilles  et  de  la  Guadeloupe.  Tres  abon- 
dant."  It  seems  that  this  has  reference,  however,  to  the  abundance  of 
the  living  form  in  that  region  rather  than  as  a  definite  locality  for  the 
fossil.  He  gives  the  name  Clypeaster  incurvatus  Desmoulins  (which  is 
a  nomen  nudum)  as  a  synonym  of  C.  rosaceus. 


34  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Miocene  (?),  from  a  solid  buff  limestone  along  south  coast  of  Porto 
Rico,  about  5  miles  west  of  Ponce,  in  what  is  called  Culebrinas  Point ; 
this  limestone  is  exposed  in  a  bluff  over  50  feet  high ;  3  fine  specimens. 
Station  37/5,  Graham  John  Mitchell  collector,  1917.  Mr.  Mitchell 
had  charge  of  the  Ponce  District  in  the  Survey  work  of  1917.  Ponce 
Chalk,  Government  Road,  Ponce  to  Penuelas,  km.  1,  collected  from 
embankment  200  feet  long  on  north  side  of  the  road,  Porto  Rico,  1  fine 
specimen,  station  285.  Ponce  limestone,  cliff  bank,  north  side  of  Ponce 
to  Penuelas  Road,  km.  2,  about  5  km.  west  of  Ponce,  Porto  Rico,  1 
specimen,  station  299.  Same  data,  2  specimens,  station  301.  Material 
from  the  Porto  Rico  stations  285,  299,  and  301  collected  by  C.  A.  Reeds, 
on  Expedition  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican 
Government  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  coop- 
erating. 

The  locality  given  by  Cotteau  is  calcareous  concretions,  Bellamar,  in 
the  Province  of  Matanzas,  Cuba.  He  does  not  give  any  geological 
horizon,  but  says  the  specimen  he  figured  is  in  the  collection  of  the 
Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espafia.  Lambert  reports  this 
species  from  Anguilla  and  says  the  matrix  is  a  calcareous  tuff  very 
different  from  that  of  the  Miocene  species  and  evidently  is  Pliocene; 
J.  W.  Gregory  collector,  1899,  specimen  in  the  British  Museum. 

Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau. 
(Plate  2,  Figures  10  to  12.) 

Clypeaster  ellipticus  Guppy  (non  Michelin),  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22, 

p.  299. 
Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  16, 

plate  2,  figs.  4  to  8.  Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  195. 

Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  36,  plate  7,  figs.  4  to  8. 

Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  18. 
Echinanthus  concavus  Gregory,  1895,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  51,  p.  295. 
Diplothecanthus  concavus  Brown,  1914,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  vol.  65,  p.  600. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  narrowed  and  rounded  anteriorly,  wider  and 
subtruncate  posteriorly,  upper  face  more  or  less  swollen,  sometimes  sub- 
convex,  always  thinning  posteriorly,  ventral  side  strongly  depressed. 
Apical  disk  nearly  central.  Ambulacral  areas  wide,  swollen,  strongly 
petaloid.  Petals  nearly  closed  at  the  tips,  unequal,  the  anterior  petal  III 
being  longer  and  narrower  than  the  other  four.  Poriferous  areas  very 
much  developed,  having  their  greatest  width  toward  the  tips  of  the  petals, 
formed  of  pores  distinctly  unequal,  united  by  a  groove.  In  the  part  where 
the  poriferous  areas  are  the  widest,  the  ridges  of  the  test  which  separate 
the  grooves  contain  each  a  series  of  10  or  12  small  tubercles.  Peristome 
narrow,  subpentagonal,  opening  in  the  excavation  of  the  lower  side.  Peri- 
proct  small,  rounded,  near  the  posterior  border  of  the  test,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  band  of  test.  Apical  disk  stelliform,  with  5 
genital  pores. 

A  large  specimen  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Cleve  collection 
(No.  115375), measures  21.5  mm.  in  height,  73  mm.  in  length,  and  58.5 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA.  35 

mm.  in  width.  A  larger  and  very  perfect  specimen  (No.  115376)  from 
Anguilla  measures  25  mm.  in  height,  100  mm.  in  length,  and  84.5  mm. 
in  width.  Clypeaster  concavus  is  very  near  to  C.  rosaceus,  but  in  the 
latter  the  petals  are  always  well  open,  often  very  widely  so,  while  the 
test  is  usually  at  least  one-third  as  high  as  it  is  long.  In  concavus, 
however,  the  petals  are  nearly  closed  and  the  test  is  not  one-third  as 
high  as  it  is  long.  There  are  small  (young)  specimens  of  rosaceus  that 
are  very  close  to  concavus,  which  suggests  a  genetic  connection  between 
the  species.  Cotteau's  figures  show  the  petals  in  concavus  more  widely 
open  and  blunter  than  they  are  in  the  specimens.  This  species  has  been 
found  at  a  number  of  localities  in  the  West  Indies  and  is  represented  by 
many  specimens  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

A  small  specimen  of  this  species,  collected  at  Arroyo  Blanco,  near 
Cevicos,  Dominican  Republic,  by  Messrs.  Cooke  and  Ross,  is  of 
interest  as  being  a  four-rayed  individual.  There  are  4  petals  dorsally 
and,  as  far  as  can  be  made  out,  the  specimen  is  completely  four-rayed 
throughout  (plate  2,  fig.  12).  This  tetramerous  variant  falls  under  the 
system  No.  4,  in  Jackson's  study  of  tetramerous  Echini  (Phylogeny 
of  the  Echini,  p.  38). 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection, 

1  specimen,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115373.    Anguilla,  Guppy  collection, 

2  specimens,  labeled  C.  ellipticus  Mich.  =  concavus  Cotteau,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  No.  115374.    Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  cotype,  labeled 
as  original  of  Cotteau's  plate  2,  figures  4  to  8,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
115375.    Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  cotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115376.    Cotteau  mentions,  besides  the  Cleve  collection,  having 
material  from  the  museums  of  Stockholm  and  Upsala.     Anguilla, 
Guppy  collection,  bearing  the  original  label  C.  ellipticus  and  on  the 
reverse  C.  concavus,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115377. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  Crocus  Bay,  roadside  descent  to 
Crocus  Bay  from  Valley,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  1 
specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6893.  Crocus  Bay  Bluff,  southwest 
side,  125  feet  above  sea-level,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914, 
2  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6967.  Anguilla,  several  speci- 
mens, British  Museum,  reported  on  by  Lambert.  Arroyo  Blanco, 
Cevicos  limestone,  near  Cevicos,  Dominican  Republic,  Cooke  and 
Ross  collectors,  1  four-rayed  specimen,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328233, 
and  4  fragments,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  8598.  Jique  de  la  Argolla, 
Rio  Seco  de  San  Antonio,  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  C.  T.  Ramsden  collec- 
tion, 1  young  specimen.  Limestone  escarpment  northwest  of  Utuado, 
Porto  Rico,  Arecibo  formation,  H.  E.  Anthony  collector,  2  specimens, 
station  554,  Expedition  of  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto 
Rican  Government  and  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
cooperating. 

Gregory  reports    having    this  species    from  Antigua.    Dr.   A.  P. 


36  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Brown  says  that  C.  concavus  is  the  commonest  echinoid  in  the  Antigua 
white  limestone  (Antigua  formation)  and  was  found  in  great  numbers 
at  Hodges  Bay,  Antigua  (4  specimens  in  Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
No.  1658) ;  along  the  shore  at  Willoughby  Bay,  Antigua  (9  specimens, 
Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  No.  1659) ;  and  at  High  Point,  Antigua. 
Oligocene,  Havana,  Cuba,  from  de  la  Torre  collection,  1  specimen, 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3233.  Cotteau,  in  his  Spanish  report,  gives  the 
horizon  as  "Miocene"  and  the  localities,  Province  of  Santa  Clara,  also 
ingenios  San  Marco  and  San  Lino  and  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  collection  of 
Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espana,  Madrid. 

Clypeaster  caudatus,  new  species. 
(Plate  3,  Figures  1,  2.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

This  species,  while  near  to  others,  has  features  which  distinguish  it  from 
rosaceus  and  concavus.  The  test  is  massive,  quite  uniformly  arched,  but 
with  rather  a  gradual  slope  from  the  apical  disk  to  the  anterior  border  of 
the  test,  and  posteriorly  a  less  marked  slope  to  the  rather  abruptly  truncated 
posterior  border.  The  outline  of  the  test  is  rounded  anteriorly;  posteriorly 
it  is  abruptly  rounded  and  truncated,  even  slightly  reentrant  on  the  median 
line.  The  ambulacral  petals  are  very  broad  and  long,  nearly  closed  at  the 
tips  and  pinched  up  so  that  the  interporiferous  area  at  the  end  of  the  petal 
terminates  in  a  tail-like  tip,  especially  in  ambulacra  I,  V  and  II,  IV.  The 
anterior  petal  III  is  longer  than  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  and  is  of  the  same 
length  as  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V.  The  anterior  petal  III  at  its  broadest 
part  has  the  same  width  as  petals  II  and  IV,  but  is  distinctly  narrower  than 
petals  I  and  V.  The  interporiferous  areas  of  the  petals  are  wide  and  only 
very  slightly  raised  above  the  general  outline  of  the  test.  The  apical  disk 
is  nearly  central  and  the  5  genital  pores  are  clearly  shown  in  the  holo- 
type.  As  the  ventral  side  of  the  test  is  hidden  in  both  specimens,  no 
observations  can  be  made  on  the  peristome,  periproct,  or  other  ventral  char- 
acters. Both  specimens  are  so  worn  that  the  tubercles  are  largely  eroded 
away,  but  dorsally  where  visible  they  are  numerous  and  closely  associated. 
Ventrally  the  tubercles  are  somewhat  larger  and  very  densely  crowded, 
so  that  there  is  almost  no  intertubercular  tissue. 

The  holotype  measures  about  45  mm.  in  height,  141  mm.  in  length 
and  121  mm.  in  width.  A  smaller  specimen,  the  paratype,  measures 
25  mm.  in  height,  80  mm.  in  length,  and  70  mm.  in  width.  Clypeaster 
caudatus  is  very  near  to  C.  concavus;  the  small  specimen  differs  only 
in  the  more  markedly  arched  test  and  in  the  fact  that  the  tips  of  the 
petals  are  pinched  together  and  pulled  out  distally. 

Miocene,  Gurabo  formation,  or  the  Mao  Adentro  limestone,  Rio 
Gurabo,  near  Los  Quemados,  not  in  place,  probably  from  Zone  C, 
Dominican  Republic,  Dr.  C.  J.  Maury  collector,  1907,  holotype, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328235.  Paratype  with  same  locality  and  data, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328236. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA.  37 

Clypeaster  dalli  (Twitchell). 
(Plate  4,  Figure  1.) 

Diplothecanlhus '  dalli  Twitchell,  in  Clark  and  Twitchell,  1915,  Monograph  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
vol.  54,  p.  218,  plate  99,  figs.  2a,  b;  plate  100,  figs,  la,  b. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Test  large,  pentagonal  in  outline,  longer  than  broad,  widest  across  the 
line  of  ambulacral  petals  II  and  IV;  pointed  anteriorly,  posterior  end 
truncated;  upper  surface  irregularly  convex,  high,  highest  back  of  the 
center,  thence  sloping  in  a  straight  line  to  the  blunt  tumid  anterior  edge, 
and  quite  steeply  and  in  a  straight  line  to  the  thinner  wedge-shaped  pos- 
terior edge;  the  under  surface  deeply  concave.  Ambulacral  petals  large, 
broad,  very  tumid,  almost  reaching  to  the  margin,  nearly  closing  distally; 
the  posterior  pair  slightly  longer  than  the  odd  anterior  petal,  which  is 
slightly  longer  than  the  anterior  pair.  Apical  system  central,  sloping 
downward  anteriorly;  5  genital  pores  a  slight  distance  from  the  slightly 
depressed  madreporite.  Peristome  large,  a  little  excentric  posteriorly, 
sub  pentagonal,  deeply  sunken;  ambulacral  furrows  simple,  straight, 
reaching  the  margin.  Periproct  rather  large,  subcircular,  inframarginal. 

The  specimen  in  hand,  from  the  Dominican  Republic,  measures 
60  mm.  in  height,  125  mm.  in  length,  and  108  mm.  in  width  across  the 
line  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV.  The  height  is  not  far  from  half  the 
length  of  the  test,  the  same  feature  being  indicated  by  Twitchell's 
measurements  of  his  type  material.  Clypeaster  dalli  is  a  well-marked 
species  on  account  of  its  highly  swollen  petaloid  areas,  but  it  is  to  be 
remarked  that  some  specimens  of  C.  rosaceus  are  noticeably  swollen. 
This  seems  to  be  just  one  of  those  cases  in  which,  among  nearly  related 
species,  the  individual  variant  of  one  species  takes  on  the  character 
typical  of  an  allied  species.  This  species  was  described  by  Twitchell 
from  the  Pliocene,  near  Fort  Thompson,  Caloosahatchee  River, 
Florida.  The  type  material,  collected  by  Dr.  William  H.  Dall,  is  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum,  No.  164670. 

Miocene  or  Pliocene,  Gato,  on  the  southern  side  of  the  island, 
Dominican  Republic,  given  to  Dr.  Carlotta  J.  Maury  by  the  late 
Senor  Rodolfo  Cambiarso,  of  Santo  Domingo;  Miss  Maury  very 
kindly  gave  it  to  the  National  Museum,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328234. 

Clypeaster  cubensis  Cotteau. 

Clypeaster  cubensis  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  6.; 
1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  de  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  16;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol. 
Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  33,  plate  6,  figs.  1  to  5. 

This  species,  of  which  no  material  has  been  available,  seems  to  be 
valid,  as  it  is  remarkably  wide  in  proportion  to  its  length  and  has  very 
large  petals. 

Miocene  (?),  Matanzas,  Cuba,  collections  of  Cotteau  in  Paris  and  of 
Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Ge61ogico  de  Espana,  in  Madrid. 

'Dr.  Hubert  Lyman  Clark  (The  Genera  of  Recent  Clypeastroids,  1911,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  ser.  8,  vol.  7,  p.  600)  does  not  recognize  Duncan's  Diplothecanthus  as  a  distinct  genus. 


38  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Clypeaster  parrae  Desmoulins. 

Erizos  petrificados  Antonio  Parra,  1787,  Descripci6n  de  diferentes  piezas  de  Hist.  Nat.  del 

ramo  maritime,  Havana  [Cuba],  p.  181,  plate  65,  fig.  2. 
Clypeaster  parrce  Desmoulins,  1835-37,  Etud.  sur  les  Echin..  pp.  218  to  219.    Michelin,  1861, 

Monog.  des  Clyp.  fossiles,  Mem.  de  la  Soc.  G£ol.  de  France,  vol.  7,  p.  112,  plate 

14,  figs.  2a  to  e.    Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafla,  vol.  22,  p.  31, 

plate  11,  figs.  1  to  5. 

This  species,  of  which  I  have  not  seen  material,  is  well  marked  by 
the  excentric  position  posteriorly  of  the  apical  system  and  the  exces- 
sively large  petals.  Cotteau  says  that  neither  the  mouth  nor  peri- 
proct  was  preserved  in  the  specimen  from  which  Michelin  described 
the  species.  The  mouth  (in  a  posterior  position)  and  periproct  are 
indicated  in  Cotteau's  cross-section,  plate  11,  figure  2,  but  in  view  of 
his  statement,  this  figure  must  be  considered  schematic. 

According  to  Michelin,  this  species  is  found  in  the  Tertiary  and 
littoral  formations  of  the  islands  of  Cuba  and  Guadeloupe,  Michelin 
collection. 

Clypeaster  lanceolatus  Cotteau. 
(Plate  4,  Figure  2.) 

Clypeaster  lanceolatus  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espaiia,  vol.  22,  p.  39,  plate  9. 
figs.  1  to  3.  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes).  vol.  79,  p.  24. 
Jackson,  1917,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  53,  p.  490,  plate  62,  figs.  1,  2;  1919,  Bull. 
103,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  p.  104,  plate  46,  figs.  1  to  2. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Test  oval,  upper  face  moderately  elevated,  lower  face  concave;  the  5 
ambulacral  furrows  are  well  marked  from  the  peristome  to  the  border. 
Ambulacral  areas  are  petaloid,  slightly  elevated,  lanceolate,  almost  closed 
at  the  tips.  Poriferous  areas  are  narrow,  depressed,  terminating  in  a  closed 
point,  each  of  the  plates  bearing  5  or  6  tubercles.  Peristome  subpentagonal. 
Periproct  circular,  distinctly  near  the  border  of  the  test.  Vertex  central. 
Apical  disk  not  visible,  as  the  test  is  worn  away  at  that  point. 

The  specimen  in  the  American  Museum  measures  about  25  mm.  in 
height;  the  length  is  doubtful,  as  it  is  broken  away  posteriorly,  but  it 
would,  as  estimated,  measure  about  120  mm.  in  length  and  98  mm.  in 
width.  Cotteau  gives  as  the  measurements  of  his  type  specimen, 
height,  21.5  mm.;  length,  86  mm.;  width,  65  mm.  (?).  The  width  in 
his  measurements  is  queried,  as  the  specimen  is  incomplete  on  one  side. 
The  New  York  Museum  specimen  is  therefore  distinctly  larger  than 
the  type,  but  seems  to  be  clearly  referable  to  this  species.  Clypeaster 
lanceolatus  is  near  to  C.  antillarum,  but  it  has  a  relatively  smaller 
petaloid  area,  more  elevated  petals,  and  is  more  deeply  concave  ven- 
trally  than  is  antillarum. 

This  species  is  credited  to  Azpeita  by  Cotteau,  but  it  is  a  purely 
manuscript  name  with  Azpeita  and  should  be  credited  to  Cotteau,  who 
first  published  it. 

Oligocene,  Havana,  Cuba,  not  far  from  the  university  buildings;  1 
specimen,  collected  by  Barnum  Brown,  American  Museum  Natural 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS CLYPEASTRINA.  39 

History,  No.  18577.  Cotteau  gives  his  type  as  from  the  "Miocene," 
Matanzas,  Cuba,  very  rare;  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico 
de  Espana.  Lambert  reports  specimens  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Antigua, 
collected  by  J.  W.  Gregory,  1899,  collection  of  British  Museum.  It 
is  of  interest  that  this  species,  as  described  by  Jackson,  occurs  in  the 
Oligocene,  Emperador  limestone,  of  Las  Cascadas,  Panama,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  324452 ;  also  at  a  nearby  locality  opposite  Las  Cascadas, 
Gaillard  Cut,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  324451. 

Clypeaster  antillarum  Cotteau. 
(Plate  5,  Figures  1,  2.) 

Clypeaster  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  15, 

plate  2.  figs.  1  to  3.   Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  195. 

Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa,  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  35,  plate  7,  figs.  1  to  3. 

Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  25. 
Echinanthus  antillarum  Gregory,  1895,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  51,  p.  295.     Non 

Cotteau,  see  p.  56. 
Diplothecanthus  antillarum  Brown,  1914,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  65,  p.  601. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  large  size,  subpentagonal,  a  little  angular  anteriorly,  truncated 
squarely  posteriorly;  upper  face  moderately  swollen,  thick  and  subsinuous 
on  the  border;  lower  face  nearly  flat  in  the  inframarginal  region,  strongly 
concave  in  the  middle,  marked  with  5  ambulacra!  grooves,  which  are  pro- 
nounced at  some  distance  from  the  border  and  descend  in  to  the  peristome. 
Apical  disk  subcentral,  a  little  posterior  to  the  center.  Ambulacra  swollen, 
strongly  petaloid,  scarcely  open  at  their  extremities,  unequal,  the  anterior 
ambulacrum  longer  and  narrower  than  the  others;  poriferous  areas  very 
wide,  with  pores  rounded,  united  by  a  groove;  interporiferous  areas  rela- 
tively little  developed.  Peristome  subpentagonal ,  deeply  sunken.  Periproct 
small,  near  the  border,  subelliptical  in  the  transverse  diameter. 

One  splendid  specimen  in  the  National  Museum  measures  33.5  mm. 
in  height,  123  mm.  in  length,  and  112  mm.  in  greatest  width  across 
ambulacra  II  and  IV.  This  species  is  undoubtedly  near  to  rosaceus, 
but  the  form  of  the  interporiferous  areas  is  entirely  different.  Besides 
the  type  in  the  Cleve  collection,  2  fine  specimens  from  Cuba  in  the 
American  Museum  are  ascribed  to  this  species. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115390.  Disintegrated  lime- 
stone near  asylum  in  quarry  near  Guajay,  15  miles  southwest  of 
Havana,  Cuba,  2  specimens,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
No.  18578.  Consolaci6n  del  Sur,  Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio,  Cuba, 
collected  by  the  alcalde,  1901,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  3474.  Gregory 
reports  this  species  from  Antigua  in  1895,  it,  with  C.  concavus,  he  says, 
being  the  most  typical  species  of  the  West  Indian  Oligocene.  Dr.  A.  P. 
Brown  collected  a  specimen  which  he  identified  as  antillarum  in  the 
Antigua  formation  at  Willoughby  Bay,  Antigua;  it  is  rather  indis- 
tinctly preserved  and  is  in  the  Philadelphia  Academy  Natural  Sciences, 
No.  1660.  Lambert  tentatively  refers  to  this  species  a  rather  imper- 


40  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

feet  specimen  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Antigua,  collected  by  J.  W. 
Gregory  in  1899,  collection  of  British  Museum.  Cotteau  ascribes  the 
species  to  the  "Miocene"  and  gives  the  locality  as  San  Martin,  Province 
of  Matanzas,  Cuba. 

Clypeaster  planipetalus  Cotteau. 
(Plate  6,  Figures  1,  2.) 

Clypeaster  planipetalus  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  38,  plate  8, 
\  figs.  1  to  4. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Test  medium-sized,  elliptically  subpentagonal,  truncate  posteriorly, 
elongate  anteriorly.  Upper  side  moderately  elevated,  lower  side  moder- 
ately concave.  Ambulacral  areas  petaloid,  open  at  the  distal  ends.  Porif- 
erous areas  with  round  pores  united  by  shallow  furrows.  At  the  distal 
ends  of  each  poriferous  area  the  internal  pores  are  almost  united  with  the 
external,  coming  together  in  an  irregular  manner.  On  each  of  the  ridges 
which  separate  the  ambulacral  furrows  is  a  band  of  tubercles,  4  or  5  in 
number,  on  the  outer  broad  part  of  each  area.  Tubercles  small,  abundant, 
somewhat  larger  on  the  lower  side,  showing  between  them  fine  granulation. 
Madreporic  plate  decagonal  in  form,  porous,  bulky,  including  almost  the 
whole  of  the  apical  disk.  The  5  genital  pores,  rather  large,  appear  on  the 
border  of  the  madreporite.  The  ocular  plates,  somewhat  triangular,  show 
a  little  pore  on  their  outer  border.  Peristome  invisible  in  the  specimen 
described.  Periproct  small,  a  little  separated  from  the  margin. 

There  is  quite  a  series  of  specimens  of  this  species  from  Antigua.  The 
best-preserved  one,  which  is  figured,  measures  88  mm.  in  length,  78  mm. 
in  width,  and  about  30  mm.  in  height.  This  specimen  is  proportion- 
ately much  wider  than  typical.  The  apical  disk  is  a  little  anterior 
to  the  center  of  the  test,  as  it  is  also  in  Cotteau's  figure,  although 
he  does  not  mention  it  in  his  text.  This  specimen  has  6  tubercles 
on  the  ridges  between  the  ambulacral  furrows  instead  of  4  or  5  as 
described  in  the  type,  but  other  specimens  show  fewer  than  6. 

Oligocene,  Antigua  formation,  from  bluff  on  north  side  of  Willoughby 
Bay,  Antigua,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1  figured  specimen,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  328237.  Also,  with  same  data,  8  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol. 
Sur.  station  6881,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328238.  Cotteau  records  this 
species  from  the  "Miocene"  of  ingenio  San  Lino,  Province  of  Santa 
Clara,  very  rare,  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Ge61ogico  de  Espafia. 

Clypeaster  cryptopetalus,  new  species. 
(Plate  6,  Figures  3  to  5.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Test  rather  small,  elongate,  subpentagonal,  thick  on  the  margins,  flattened 
above,  moderately  concave  below.  Much  longer  than  wide.  The  speci- 
mens, excepting  one,  are  not  at  all  compressed  or  worn,  being  in  excellent 
condition  of  preservation,  so  that  the  shape  and  characters  can  not  be 
ascribed  to  wear.  The  ambulacral  petals  are  almost  perfectly  flush  with 
the  surface  and  are  extraordinarily  inconspicuous.  This  is  due  to  the 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS CLYPEASTRINA.  41 

flushness  and  the  shallowness  of  the  pore-pair  furrows.  Petals  open  at 
the  tips.  Apical  disk  in  the  center  of  the  test.  The  peristome  doubtless 
is  central  in  position,  but  is  not  visible.  Tubercles,  are  well  preserved, 
rather  scattered  dorsally,  closely  associated  ventrally.  Periproct  small, 
situated  on  the  ventral  side,  3  mm.  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  test. 
The  holotype  measures  21  mm.  in  height,  68  mm.  in  length,  and  58  mm. 
in  width  in  the  plane  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV,  which  is  the  widest  part 
of  the  test.  The  petals  of  ambulacra  II,  III,  and  IV  give  closely  the  same 
measurements,  namely,  21  mm.  long  by  12  mm.  wide  at  the  widest  part; 
petal  I  is  in  part  hidden,  but  petal  V,  the  left  posterior,  measures  27  mm. 
in  length  by  13  mm.  in  width. 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  flattened,  biscuit-like 
form  and  the  almost  invisible  character  of  the  petals. 

Oligocene,  Antigua  formation,  Rifle  Butts,  Antigua,  T.  W.  Vaughan 
collector,  February  1914,  3  specimens,  all  very  well  preserved,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Sur.  station  6854;  the  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328239, 
and  2  paratypes,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328240.  Base  and  western  slope 
of  Friar's  Hill,  Antigua,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  February  1914,  1 
specimen,  much  worn,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6856.  The  stratigraphic 
position  of  the  horizon  at  which  these  specimens  were  collected  is  near 
the  bottom  of  the  Antigua  formation. 

Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue. 
(Plate  6,  Figures  6  to  8.) 

Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue  in  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafta,  vol.  22,  p.  40. 
plate  10,  figs.  1  to  4.  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol. 
79,  p.  24. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Test  of  moderate  size,  oval,  a  little  narrowed  anteriorly,  upper  surface 
slightly  convex.  Margin  thick  and  rounded.  Lower  surface  concave, 
with  ambulacral  furrows  which  expand  and  deepen  as  they  approach  the 
mouth.  Peristome  pentagonal.  Periproct  circular,  slightly  separated  from 
the  margin.  Apex  nearly  central,  very  little  excentric  anteriorly.  Apical 
disk  small,  with  madreporite  constituting  a  relatively  large  star.  Ambulacral 
areas  superficial,  petals  truncate  and  very  open  at  the  distal  tips.  Poriferous 
areas  a  little  depressed  and  very  characteristic,  the  inner  series  of  pores 
curving  and  converging  near  the  apex  of  each  ambulacrum,  below  which 
they  make  a  nearly  straight  line  to  the  distal  tips,  but  converging.  The 
outer  series  of  pores  curve  throughout  their  whole  length,  forming  in  the 
extreme  tip  a  curve  of  less  radius,  converging  to  meet  the  inner  series;  as 
a  sort  of  termination,  4  pores,  smaller  and  elongated,  form  an  irregular 
quadrilateral.  Each  poriferous  plate  has  6  tubercles. 

The  specimen  figured  measures  20  mm.  in  height,  65  mm.  in  length, 
and  52  mm.  in  width  in  the  line  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV.  The  ambula- 
cral petals  I,  V,  and  III  measure  22  mm.  in  length  and  ambulacral 
petals  II  and  IV  measure  somewhat  less,  18  mm.  in  length.  Petals  I 
and  V  measure  14  mm.  in  width,  but  petals  II,  III,  and  IV  are  some- 
what narrower,  measuring  only  12  mm.  in  width.  The  periproct  is  3 
mm.  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  test. 


42  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

This  species  is  markedly  peculiar  in  its  very  widely  open  petals,  the 
nearly  straight  line  of  the  inner  rows  of  pores,  and  the  4  pores  situated 
below  the  tips  of  the  petals.  In  the  photographic  figure  these  peculiar 
pores  are  seen  well  below  the  posterior  pair  of  petals  I  and  V. 

Oligocene,  from  place  of  Marco  Sanchez,  at  the  base  of  Monte  Toro, 
northwest  of  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  C.  T.  Ramsden's  collection.  Jamaica, 
1  specimen,  purchased  of  Ward,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3255.  Cotteau 
gives  as  rare  in  the  "Miocene"  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  collection  Comisi6n 
del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espana.  Lambert  reports  a  single  badly 
distorted  specimen  from  Antigua,  collected  by  J.  W.  Gregory  in  1899, 
collection  of  British  Museum. 

Clypeaster  bather!  Lambert. 

Clypcaster  batheri  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  26, 
plate  [unnumbered],  figs.  3  to  7. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Species  of  medium  size,  longer  than  wide,  depressed,  oval,  narrowed 
anteriorly,  subtruncate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  moderately  convex,  ventrally 
widely  and  deeply  concave.  Petals  wide  open,  with  a  tendency  to  narrow 
toward  the  extremities.  The  type  measures  52  mm.  in  length,  44  mm.  in 
width,  and  15  mm.  in  height. 

Lambert  compares  this  species  with  C.  cotteaui,  from  which  he 
distinguishes  it  by  its  form  more  elongate,  its  petals  longer  and  less 
open,  and  pores  more  widely  spaced.  It  differs  also  in  that  cotteaui 
is  high  and  rounded  on  the  margin,  whereas  batheri  is  low  on  the 
margin.  It  differs  from  C.  parvus  in  that  the  petals  are  proportionately 
very  much  longer  in  that  species. 

Lambert  refers  this  species  to  the  "Miocene"  [Oligocene]  of  Antigua, 
collected  by  J.  W.  Gregory  in  1899,  collection  of  British  Museum. 

Clypeaster  parvus  Michelin. 

Clypeaster  parvus  Michelin,  1861,  Mon.  Clyp.  Foss.,  p.  117,  plate  19,  figs.  2a  to  f.  Cotteau. 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  41,  plate  15,  figs.  1  to  3.  Lambert, 
1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  23. 

Cotteau  in  his  synonymy  refers  this  species  to  Duchassaing  1847, 
Agassiz  1847,  and  Desor  1858;  but.  in  these  several  references  the  name 
is  a  nomen  nudum,  as  there  is  no  adequate  description.  Michelin  is 
clearly  the  first  describer  of  the  species.  I  have  not  seen  any  specimens 
of  this  species  and  it  may  only  represent  the  young  of  C.  cotteaui  or  C. 
planipetalus,  but  the  very  truncate  petals  and  poriferous  areas  indicate 
that  it  is  distinct.  In  the  Revision  of  Echini,  Mr.  Agassiz  considers 
parvus  a  synonym  of  rosaceus,  presumably  thinking  it  the  young  of 
that  species,  but  comparison  with  young  rosaceus  (12  to  30  mm.)  shows 
that  this  is  not  the  case,  the  petals  being  perfectly  distinctive. 

Cotteau  says  that  it  occurs  in  the  white  littoral  tuff  of  Guadeloupe, 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS CLYPEASTRINA.  43 

where  it  is  not  rare ;  also  in  the  vicinity  of  Havana,  Cuba,  where  it  is 
rare,  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espana.  Lambert 
reports  a  single  badly  preserved  specimen  from  Antigua,  which  from 
its  association  with  Clypeaster  lanceolatus  and  Echinolampas  lycopersicus 
he  attributes  to  the  "Miocene"  [Oligocene],  collected  by  J.  W.  Gregory 
in  1899,  collection  British  Museum. 

Clypeaster  duchassaingi  Michelin. 

Clypeaster  duchassaingi  Michelin,  1861,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  7.  p.  107,  plate 
9,  figs,  a  to  g. 

Test  convex,  sloping  upwards  from  its  thick  margin,  differs  from  C. 
rosaceus  and  ellipticus  by  its  flat  base  and  petals  not  swollen. 

Michelin  gives  as  "formations  madreporiques,"  Guadeloupe,  Antilles. 

Clypeaster  ambigenus  (Lamarck). 

Scutdla  ambigena  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  3,  p.  12. 

Clypeaster  ambigenus  Blainville,  1834,  Manuel  d'Actinolgie,  p.  216.     Michelin,  1861,  Mem. 
Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  7,  p.  113,  plate  15,  figs,  la  to  /. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Test  low,  rounded,  flattened  on  base.  Differs  from  rosaceus  by  its  flat- 
tened base  and  large  tubercles  around  the  peristome. 

Michelin  says:  "formations  modernes  et  madreporiques,"  Guade- 
loupe. He  says  it  also  occurs  in  the  "Eocene"  of  Jacksonboro,  Georgia. 

Clypeaster  placentoides,  new  species. 
(Plate  7,  Figures  1,  2.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

This  species  is  represented  by  2  individuals,  a  larger  and  a  smaller,  the 
latter  resting  on  the  dorsal  face  of  the  larger,  as  shown  in  the  figures.  The 
test  is  ovally  rounded,  a  little  longer  than  wide,  thin,  biscuit-like  in  shape, 
being  very  much  flattened  dorsally.  The  margin  is  relatively  thin  and  the 
ventral  side  as  far  as  shown  on  the  larger  specimen  is  very  flat.  The  apical 
disk  is  central  in  position,  but  no  details  of  structure  are  preserved.  Ambu- 
lacral  petals  are  nearly  flush  with  the  surface,  rounded  and  moderately 
open  at  the  distal  ends.  Poriferous  areas  sunken,  the  inner  and  outer  rows 
of  pores  curved  in  outline.  Furrows  connecting  the  pores  are  moderately 
deep,  with  3  or  4  tubercles  on  the  intermediate  ridges.  Tubercles  are 
small  dorsally,  larger  and  more  densely  associated  on  the  ventral  side. 
Periproct  round,  very  near  the  posterior  border  of  the  test,  as  shown  well 
on  the  larger  specimen. 

The  larger  specimen  (on  which  the  smaller  rests,  as  seen  in  Plate  7, 
figs.  1,  2)  measures  75  mm.  in  length,  65  mm.  in  width,  and  about 
14  mm.  in  height.  The  periproct  is  only  1.5  mm.  from  the  posterior 
border  of  the  test.  This  larger  specimen  shows  something  of  the  flat- 
ness of  the  lower  side  and  tubercles  on  the  same,  but  does  not  show  the 
peristome  or  ambulacral  furrows  which  are  hidden  by  the  matrix.  The 
smaller  specimen  measures  54  mm.  in  length,  48  mm.  in  width,  and 


44  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

about  7  mm.  in  height.  The  ambulacral  petals  are  visible  on  this 
smaller  specimen  only.  Petals  I,  V,  and  III  measure  14  mm.  in  length 
by  8  mm.  in  width.  Petals  II  and  IV  measure  12  mm.  in  length  by 
8  mm.  in  width. 

Clypeaster  placentoides  is  near  to  the  Recent  West  Indian  C.  depressus 
in  some  particulars,  but  the  petals  are  rounded  at  the  tips,  not  bluntly 
pointed  as  in  subdepressus.  Also,  the  petals  are  flat,  not  markedly 
arched.  The  test  is  much  thicker  at  the  edge  than  in  a  specimen  of 
subdepressus  of  the  same  size. 

Oligocene,  El  Jique  de  la  Argolla,  about  2  miles  from  San  Antonio 
Central,  northeast  of  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  C.  T.  Ramsden's  collection. 

Clypeaster  meridanensis  Michelin. 

Clypeaster  meridanensis  Michelin,  1850,  Revue  et  Mag.  Zool.,  vol.  2,  p.  240;  Mem.  Soc. 
Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  7,  p.  136,  plate  14,  figs,  la  to  /.  A.  Agassiz,  1883,  Mem. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  p.  89. 

Test  elevated  dorsally,  but  very  flat  on  base. 

Michelin  gives  only  Tertiary  in  the  environs  of  Merida,  Yucatan. 
A.  Agassiz,  however,  records  the  species  as  "Miocene,"  Guadeloupe. 

Clypeaster  oxybaphon,1  new  species. 
(Plate  7,  Figures  3,  4;  Plate  8,  Figures  1  to  3.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  low,  pentagonal  in  outline,  elongate  anteriorly,  truncate  poste- 
riorly; thick  and  rounded  on  the  margin,  depressed  in  a  dish-like  fashion 
dorsally,  and  in  the  center  of  the  dish  the  proximal  portion  of  the  petals 
with  the  apical  disk  rise  in  a  slight  eminence,  moderately  concave  ventrally. 
Ambulacral  petals  slightly  raised  above  the  general  surface  of  the  test; 
petals  gently  rounded,  but  open  at  the  distal  tips.  Poriferous  areas  are 
sunken ;  the  pores  are  connected  by  well-marked  furrows,  the  ridges  between 
which  bear  8  or  9  small  tubercles.  The  outline  of  both  the  inner  and  outer 
poriferous  areas  present  a  gentle  curve  from  the  base  to  the  distal  end. 
Petals  I,  V,  and  III  are  closely  of  the  same  length  and  width;  II  and  IV 
are  shorter,  but  of  about  the  same  width  as  the  others.  The  apical  disk 
is  central  in  position,  genital  pores  are  large  and  sunken.  Periproct  well 
removed  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  test.  Ambulacral  grooves  are 
strongly  marked,  deepening  toward  the  centrally  placed  mouth.  Tubercles 
are  small,  closely  associated,  and  somewhat  larger  and  more  crowded  on 
the  ventral  side. 

The  holotype  measures  116  mm.  in  length,  102  mm.  in  width  across 
ambulacra  II  and  IV,  and  about  17  mm.  in  height.  Another  and  more 
elongate  specimen  from  Porto  Rico  measures  130  mm.  in  length, 
91  mm.  in  width,  and  24  mm.  in  height.  In  this  specimen  the  periproct 
is  4  mm.  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  test. 

Clypeaster  oxybaphon  is  very  different  from  any  other  Recent  or 

=»  a  shallow  dish  or  saucer. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA.  45 

fossil  West  Indian  Clypeaster,  approaching  nearest  to  C.  platygaster, 
the  next-described  species,  but  it  differs  from  that  in  that  platygaster 
is  perfectly  flat  ventrally,  whereas  oxybaphon  is  concave.  C.  oxybaphon 
resembles  C.  reticulatus  (Linnaeus)  of  the  Indo-Pacific  region  in  test 
form,  but  has  very  different  petals. 

Oligocene,  Antigua  formation,  from  bluff  north  side  of  Willoughby 
Bay,  Antigua,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914;  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 
station  6881,  4  specimens;  the  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328241; 
the  paratype  figured  in  plate  8,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328242 ;  and  two 
additional  paratypes,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328243.  Rifle  Butts,  Anti- 
gua, T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6851. 

Oligocene,  cliff  face,  east  shore  Guanica  Harbor,  Porto  Rico,  300  feet 
south  of  small  cave  (of  station  341),  beds  of  shaly  limestone  somewhat 
stratified;  8  good  specimens,  including  those  figured  on  plate  7, 
figures  3  and  4,  which  are  in  the  American  Museum  Nat.  Hist.  Nos. 
18567  and  18568;  also  some  50  fragmentary  specimens,  numerous 
stations  under  this  locality,  stations  368,  369,  371  to  375,  377,  380. 
East  shore  of  Guanica  Harbor,  Porto  Rico,  from  small  cave  in  Tertiary 
limestone,  dip  3°  10'  south,  4  specimens,  stations  341,  345,  346.  White 
gray  ledge,  capping  top  of  hill,  1  km.  distant  and  south  37°  east  of 
Guanica  central  mill,  Porto  Rico,  1  good  specimen  and  8  fragments, 
stations  355,  356.  Juana  Diaz  shales,  ford  on  Jacaguas  River,  1  km. 
northwest  of  Juana  Diaz,  Porto  Rico,  4  fragments,  station  185.  All 
above  Porto  Rican  material  collected  by  C.  A.  Reeds  on  Expedition  of 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 

Clypeaster  platygaster,1  new  species. 
(Plate  9,  Figures  1,  2.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  elongate,  pentagonal,  drawn  out  anteriorly;  truncate  posteriorly, 
with  thick,  rounded  margin.  Dorsally  the  test  is  depressed  in  a  saucer- 
like  fashion,  in  the  middle  of  which  the  center  of  the  test  rises  to  a  moderate 
elevation  above  the  outline  of  the  thickened  margin.  Ventrally  the  test 
is  perfectly  flat,  a  marked  distinction  from  the  preceding  species,  C.  oxy- 
baphon. The  apical  disk,  which  is  very  small,  does  not  show  structural 
detail.  It  is  situated  almost  in  the  center  of  the  test,  but  about  3  mm. 
nearer  to  the  anterior  border  than  it  is  to  the  posterior.  Ambulacral  petals 
are  very  broad,  moderately  elevated  above  the  general  surface,  nearly 
closed  at  the  tips.  The  petals  are  all  of  very  nearly  the  same  width,  but 
III  is  the  longest.  The  posterior  pair  I  and  V  are  shorter  and  the  anterior 
pair  II  and  IV  are  still  shorter.  The  poriferous  areas  of  the  petals  are  very 
wide,  sunken,  and  strongly  marked;  the  furrows  connecting  the  pores  are 
deeply  incised,  and  the  ridges  between  bear  about  10  small  tubercles  at 
the  widest  part.  The  interporiferous  areas  are  remarkably  attenuated. 
The  ambulacral  furrows  on  the  ventral  side  are  strongly  marked,  deepening 

1  irAarfa  flat;  yaarrip  belly. 


46  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

to  the  peristomal  border.  The  peristome  is  round,  excentric,  being  8  mm. 
nearer  to  the  anterior  than  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  test.  Periproct 
on  the  ventral  side  is  situated  5  mm.  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  test. 
The  tubercles  are  small,  widely  spaced  on  the  dorsal  side,  somewhat  larger 
and  more  crowded  on  the  ventral  side. 

This  species  is  known  only  from  the  holotype,  which  is  a  beautifully 
preserved  specimen.  It  measures  22  mm.  in  height,  108  mm.  in  length, 
and  84  mm.  in  width  across  ambulacra  II  and  IV,  which  is  the  widest 
part  of  the  test.  The  ambulacral  petal  III  measures  40  mm.  in  length ; 
petals  I  and  V  measure  37  mm.  and  petals  II  and  IV  measure  30  mm. 
in  length;  they  all  measure  18  mm.  in  width  at  the  widest  part. 

Clypeaster  platygaster  is  well  characterized  as  a  species  by  the  excep- 
tionally flat  ventral  surface,  the  nearly  closed  petals  with  very  broad 
poriferous  areas,  and  the  remarkable  attenuated  interporiferous  areas. 
Another  marked  distinction  of  the  species  is  the  deeply  depressed 
dorsal  area  surrounding  the  only  slightly  elevated  central  part  of  the 
abactinal  surface. 

This  species  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  C.  oxybaphon,  but 
differs  in  the  relative  size  and  shape  of  the  petals,  and  differs  markedly 
in  that  platygaster  is  perfectly  flat  ventrally,  while  oxybaphon  is  con- 
cave. Clypeaster  platygaster  also  resembles  Laganum  elongatum,  but 
in  C.  platygaster  the  petals  are  not  sharply  pointed  distally,  the  porif- 
erous areas  are  very  much  wider,  and  the  test  is  flat  ventrally.  In 
Laganum  elongatum,  on  the  other'hand,  the  petals  are  sharply  pointed 
distally,  the  poriferous  areas  of  the  petals  are  narrow,  and  the  test  is 
concave  around  the  peristome. 

Oligocene,  Havana,  Cuba,  not  far  from  the  university  buildings; 
the  holotype  and  only  known  specimen,  collected  by  Barnum  Brown, 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  No.  18569. 

Family  LAGANHX&  Desor,  1857. 
Genus  LAGANUM  Gray,  1825. 

Type  species. — Echinodiscus  laganum  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein, 
p.  140. 

The  genus  Laganum  among  Recent  species  is  an  I  ndo- Pacific  type 
in  its  distribution,  but  fossil  species  have  been  referred  to  the  genus 
from  Europe  and  North  America  as  well  as  the  Far  East.  It  is  inter- 
esting that  a  West  Indian  fossil  species  has  been  described.  The 
resemblance  of  Laganum  to  Clypeaster  is  very  marked,  but  the  test  in 
Laganum  is  very  flat,  never  highly  arched.  The  petals  are  pointed  at 
the  tips  and  the  auricles  are  fused  into  one  piece,  whereas  in  Clypeaster 
the  test  is  more  or  less  high  and  usually  arched,  the  petals  are  rounded 
at  the  tips,  and  the  auricles  which  give  attachment  to  lantern  muscles 
are  separated,  not  fused.  Laganum  also  closely  resembles  Peronella, 
but  Laganum  has  5  genital  pores,  or  in  one  Recent  species  6  genital 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA.  47 

pores,  whereas  Peronella  has  only  4  genital  pores,  the  pore  being 
absent  in  area  5. 

Laganum  elongatum  Egozcue. 

Laganum  elongatum  Egozcue,  in  Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22, 
p.  26,  plate  4,  figs.  1  to  4. 

I  have  not  seen  a  specimen  of  Laganum  elongatum.  It  is  a  relatively 
large  species;  Cotteau  says  16  mm.  in  height,  74  mm.  in  length,  and 
55  mm.  in  width.  It  is  flat,  but  high  and  rounded  on  the  borders. 
Ventrally  it  is  flat  near  the  border,  but  deeply  hollowed  around  the 
peristome.  The  ambulacral  petals  are  narrow,  acuminately  pointed, 
with  narrow  poriferous  areas.  The  apical  disk  is  not  known  in  the 
species,  but  it  is  assumed  that  it  had  5  genital  pores.  If  4  only  existed, 
then  it  would  be  referred  to  Peronella  instead  of  Laganum. 

Cotteau  refers  the  single  specimen  described  to  the  "Miocene,"  from 
the  environs  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa 
Geol6gico  de  Espana,  Madrid. 

Genus  PERONELLA  Gray,  1855. 

Type  species. — Laganum  peronii  Agassiz,  1841,  Monographies 
d'Echinodermes,  Scutelles,  p.  123. 

The  genus  Peronella  as  well  as  Laganum  among  Recent  species  is  an 
Indo-Pacific  type  in  its  distribution.  It  is  therefore  very  interesting 
to  find  the  genus  represented  fossil  in  the  West  Indies.  It  may  be 
pointed  out  that  of  the  6  species  referred  to  Laganum  in  Clark  and 
Twitchell's  memoir  (1915,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  vol.  54),  each  is 
described  as  having  4  genital  pores  and  might  therefore  be  properly 
referred  to  Peronella  rather  than  Laganum. 

Peronella  mirabilis,  new  species. 

(Plate  9,  Figure  3.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  small,  thin,  elongate,  subpentagonal  in  outline,  dorsally  slightly 
elevated,  with  rounded  low  margin,  flat  ventrally.  Ambulacral  petals 
are  narrow,  pointed,  but  open  slightly  at  the  tips.  Petals  I,  V,  and  III 
are  of  the  same  length,  6  mm.;  petals  II  and  IV  are  a  little  shorter,  5  mm. 
in  length.  Poriferous  areas  are  narrow  and  curved;  interporiferous  areas 
lanceolate,  about  half  as  wide  again  as  a  poriferous  area.  Apical  disk 
anterior,  8  mm.  from  the  anterior  border  and  9.5  mm.  from  the  posterior 
border  of  the  test.  Peristome  and  periproct  are  invisible,  as  they  are 
covered  up  by  matrix  on  the  ventral  side.  The  most  remarkable  feature 
of  this  species  is  the  tubercles;  dorsally  there  are  6  large,  perforate  primary 
tubercles,  sunken  in  deep  pits,  the  upper  part  of  the  tubercles  being  flush 
with  the  surface  of  the  test ;  2  of  these  large  sunken  tubercules  are  situated 
in  interambulacrum  1  and  there  are  also  2  in  interambulacrum  4.  In  the 
anterior  interambulacra  2  and  3  there  is  in  each  area  one  of  these  large 
tubercles,  a  most  distinctive  and,  as  far  as  I  know,  unique  character  in 
the  Clypeastroida.1  Secondary  tubercles  of  medium  size  are  scattered  over 

1  What  at  first  sight  looks  like  a  second  tubercle  in  interambulacrum  3,  and  lying  close  to  the 
petal  of  ambulacrum  III,  is  a  local  imperfection  and  not  a  tubercle. 


48  FOSSIL   ECHINI    OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

the  test  dorsally;  ventrally  they  are  similar,  but  more  closely  associated. 
There  are  4  genital  pores,  the  pore  being  absent  in  area  5,  as  is  typical  in 
the  genus.  Several  madreporic  pores  exist. 

There  are  2  specimens  of  this  new  species.  The  larger  measures 
3  mm.  in  height,  18  mm.  in  length,  and  17  mm.  in  width.  The  fact  that 
there  are  only  4  genital  pores  indicates  that  this  species  should  be 
referred  to  the  genus  Peronella. 

This  species  is  remarkable  in  the  large  primary  tubercles  which  occur 
on  the  dorsal  side.  The  only  clypeastroid  apparently  to  which  it  can 
be  compared  is  the  Recent  Clypeaster  lampas  H.  L.  Clark  (C.  latissimus 
A.  Agassiz,  Blake  Echini,  plate  15c),  in  which  species  there  are  a  number 
of  large  tubercles  on  the  ventral  side ;  but  they  are  not  sunken  in  pits 
and  are  quite  numerous  instead  of  very  limited  in  number.  A  better 
comparison  structurally  of  the  peculiar  large  tubercles  in  Peronella 
mirabilis  is  to  compare  them  with  similar  tubercles  seen  in  the  spatan- 
goids  Lovenia  and  the  Recent  Maretia  tuberculata  A.  Agassiz  and  Clark 
(1917,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  46,  No.  2,  plate  160,  figs.  5  to  7). 
In  this  comparison  with  spatangoids  the  similar  character  is  a  pure  case 
of  parallelism. 

The  second  specimen,  which  is  somewhat  smaller  and  less  perfect 
than  the  holotype,  is  instructive  in  that  it  shows  a  similar  distribution 
of  the  large  primary  tubercles,  2  in  interambulacrum  4  and  1  in  inter- 
ambulacrum  3.  They  also  doubtless  existed  similarly  in  interambulacra 
1  and  2,  but  these  areas  are  worn  away.  This  species  was  associated  in 
the  same  lot  with  Echinolampas  ovumserpentis,  as  collected  by  J.  A. 
Bullbrook. 

Eocene,  San  Fernando  formation,  Vitabella  Road,  Mount  Moriah, 
San  Fernando,  Trinidad,  J.  A.  Bullbrook  collector;  2  specimens,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Sur.  station  8878;  the  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328247; 
and  a  paratype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328248. 

Family  SCUTELLID^E  Agassiz,  1841. 
Genus  ECHTNARACHNIUS  Gray,  1825. 

Type  species. — Scutella  parma  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans  Vert., 
vol.3,  p.  11 

Echinarachnius  sebastiani,  new  species. 
(Plate  7,  Figures  5,  6;  Text-figure  4.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  very  thin,  wider  than  long,  flat  on  the  lower  side,  arched  on  the 
upper  side,  with  very  thin  margin.  Apical  disk  central.  Petals  wide, 
rounded  and  open  at  the  distal  tips,  being  wider  open  in  the  large  specimen 
than  in  the  two  small  ones,  which  I  take  to  be  immature.  Surface  of  the 
test  closely  set  with  small  tubercles.  The  details  of  the  apical  disk  can  not 
be  made  out,  but  it  is  central  in  position.  The  periproct  is  on  the  posterior 
margin  in  a  small  reentrant  notch.  The  peristome  is  quite  hidden  by  the 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA . 


49 


matrix  in  the  two  smaller  specimens,  but  in  the  large  one  it  is  preserved  in 
part  with  traces  of  the  Aristotle's  lantern  in  what  appears  to  be  about  the 
middle  of  the  test. 

The  material  of  this  species  consists  of  2  small  specimens  and  a  large 
one.  The  largest  is  four-rayed  and  imperfectly  preserved,  so  that 
although  it  is  of  considerable  interest  as  an  abnormal  departure  from 
the  typical  pentamerous  symmetry,  I  hesitate  to  make  it  a  holotype. 
The  holotype  selected  is  the  more  perfect  of  the  two  smaller  specimens. 
It  measures  25  mm.  in  length,  28  mm.  in  width,  and  about  3.5  mm.  in 
thickness.  The  other  small  specimen  is  nearly  of  the  same  size.  The 
large  specimen,  which  is  four- 
rayed,  is  seen  from  the  ventral 
side  with  considerable  of  the  test 
broken  away,  so  that  it  is  a  com- 
bination view  of  the  exterior  of 
the  ventral  side  and  the  interior 
of  the  dorsal  side.  No  complete 
measurements  can  be  given,  but 
from  the  periphery  to  the  center 
it  measures  47  mm.,  so  that  the 
whole  diameter  would  be  about 
twice  that  amount  or  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  94  mm.  Three  ambulacral 
petals  of  the  dorsal  side  are  seen 
viewed  from  within  and  the  3  are 
placed  at  right  angles  to  each  other  in  the  plane  of  their  main  axes; 
that  is,  they  present  an  angle  of  about  90°  to  one  another  instead 
of  an  angle  of  about  72°,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  5  ambulacra 
of  Echinarachnius  and  other  Echini  that  are  not  bilaterally  elongate. 
This  angle  of  90°  in  the  specimen  in  hand  indicates  clearly  that 
a  fourth  petal  would  complete  the  circuit  of  the  test.  I  described 
(Phylogeny  of  the  Echini,  p.  49)  a  partially  six-rayed  Recent  Echina- 
rachnius parma,  but  this  is  the  first  four-rayed  specimen  of  the  genus 
known.  Six-rayed  Echini  are  exceedingly  rare,  and  I  have  only  seen 
6  more  or  less  completely  six-rayed  specimens  in  a  careful  examination 
of  some  55,000  specimens  of  Recent  and  fossil  Echini.  More  or  less 
completely  four-rayed  specimens  are,  however,  much  commoner.  It 
may  be  noted  here  that  a  four-rayed  Clypeaster  concavus  is  figured 
in  plate  2,  figure  12,  and  recently  I  have  seen  in  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology  a  partially  four-rayed  Clypeaster  rosaceus  from 
the  Tortugas,  Florida. 

Echinarachnius  sebastiani  finds  its  nearest  allied  form  apparently  in 
the  Recent  Echinarachnius  parma  (Lamarck).  It  differs  from  that 
species  in  that  it  is  wider  than  long  and  in  the  extreme  thinness  of  the 
test,  especially  on  its  marginal  border. 


FIG.  4. — Echinarachnius  sebastiani,  new  spe- 
cies.   Holotype,  X  2. 


50  FOSSIL    ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Oligocene;  the  smaller  specimens  are  from  the  Collazo  shales,  Collazo 
River,  5  km.  east  of  San  Sebastian,  Porto  Rico,  collected  by  Mr. 
Rabell;  holotype  and  paratype,  2  specimens,  station  116,  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  No.  18570.  The  larger  four-rayed  specimen  is  from  shaly 
limestone,  Rabell's  Ranch,  11  km.  northeast  of  San  Sebastian,  Porto 
Rico,  collected  by  C.  A.  Reeds,  station  115,  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
No.  18571.  All  are  from  the  Expedition  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History  cooperating. 

Genus  ENCOPE  Agassiz,  1841. 

Type  species. — Echinodiscus  emarginatus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad 
Klein,  p.  136. 

As  the  genera  Encope  and  Mellita  are  represented  in  the  living  fauna 
on  both  the  east  and  west  coasts  of  tropical  America,  and  the  genus 
Encope  is  known  from  several  species  occurring  fossil  in  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone,  it  is  perhaps  singular  that  so  little  is  known  of  these  genera 
as  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies. 

I  described  3  species  of  Encope  from  the  Miocene,  Gatun  formation, 
of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  as  new,  namely,  E.  annectans,  platytata, 
and  megatrend  (1917,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  53,  pp.  489  to  501, 
plates  62  to  68).  When  that  paper  was  published,  by  oversight  an 
article  by  Franz  Toula  was  overlooked  (Die  jung-tertiare  Fauna  von 
Gatun  am  Panama  Kanal,  Jahrb.  Geol.  Reichsant.,  Wien,  vol.  61, 
pp.  487  to  530,  plates  30  and  31, 1911).  In  his  paper  Toula  described  as 
new  Encope  gatunensis.  The  species  I  described  as  platytata  is  near  to 
but  probably  distinct  from  gatunensis.  The  similarities  are  in  the 
flatness  of  the  test  and  the  narrowness  and  long  posterior  extension  of 
the  ambulacral  petals  I  and  V.  The  differences  are  that  the  lunule  in 
interambulacrum  5  is  short  and  rounded  in  platytata,  whereas  it  is 
long  and  slit-like  in  gatunensis.  Both  species  are  represented  only  by 
fragmentary  specimens,  platytata  being  wanting  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  test  and  gatunensis  wanting  in  the  anterior  portion. 
Unless  further  material  should  prove  the  identity  of  these  species,  it 
seems  they  had  best  be  considered  close  but  distinct. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  -Fossil  Species  of  Encope. 

Test   large,   longer   than   wide E.   cite 

Test  small,  wider  than  long E.  latus 

Encope  ciae  de  Cortazar. 

Encope  ciae  de  Cortazar,  1880,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  7,  p.  227,  plate  c,  figs. 
la  to  3a;  plate  H ,  figs,  la,  2a.  Cotteau,  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  17; 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  44,  plate  13,  figs,  la  to  3a;  plate  14, 
figs,  la,  2a. 

This  fine  large  species,  known  only  from  a  single  specimen,  is  referred 
by  Cotteau  to  the  upper  "Miocene"  of  Calabazar,  in  the  environs  ot 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — CLYPEASTRINA. 


51 


Havana,  Cuba.   It  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6- 
gico  de  Espana,  Madrid. 

Encope  latus,  new  species. 
(Plate  7,  Figure  7;  Text-figure  5.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  thin,  very  low,  with  very  thin  margin,  wider  than  long.  There 
is  an  oval,  rounded  lunule  in  interambulacrum  5,  almost  exactly  halfway 
from  the  apical  disk  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  test.  Deep  notches  or 
emarginations  in  ambulacra  I  and  V,  also  II,  and  by  inference  in  IV  as 
well,  though  it  can  not  be  actually  observed  in  this  last-mentioned  area. 
The  emargination  in  ambulacrum  III  is  very  shallow.  The  apical  disk 
is  a  trifle  nearer  the  anterior  border 
of  the  test  than  the  posterior,  being 
20  mm.  from  the  anterior  and  24  mm. 
from  the  posterior  border.  From  local 
imperfections,  details  of  the  apical 
disk  can  not  be  made  out.  The  ventral 
side  is  completely  hidden  in  the  matrix, 
so  that  the  character  of  the  peristome 
and  periproct  can  not  be  given.  The 
ambulacral  petals  are  relatively  broad 
and  rounded.  Petals  I  and  V  measure 
13  mm.  in  length  and  are  a  little 
longer  than  petals  II  and  IV,  which 
measure  11  mm.  in  length  and  evi- 
dently are  longer  than  petal  III,  which, 
however,  can  not  be  measured,  as  it 
is  imperfect  distally. 

The  single  known  specimen  measures  43.5  mm.  in  length,  46  mm.  in 
width,  and  about  4  mm.  in  height.  This  species  is  very  small  and  also 
extremely  thin  and  light  for  the  genus,  and  it  is  not  at  all  impossible 
that  the  specimen  described  is  an  immature  individual ;  it  is,  however, 
large  enough  so  that  it  should  have  full  species  characters  nearly  or 
quite  developed. 

As  the  genital  pores  are  not  made  out,  it  is  possible  that  this  species 
should  be  referred  to  Mellita,  which  has  4  genital  pores,  rather  than 
Encope,  which  has  5.  The  specimen,  however,  has  the  look  of  an 
Encope,  so  that  it  is  referred  to  that  genus.  Encope  latus  approaches 
E.  annectans  Jackson,  of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  but  differs  in  the 
proportionate  size  of  the  ambulacral  petals,  for  I  and  V  are  the  shorter 
of  all  the  areas  in  annectans.  It  also  differs  in  the  size,  position,  and 
depth  of  the  lunule  of  interambulacrum  5. 

Miocene  (?)  from  the  "Arecibo"  (?)  limestone,  Government  Road, 
Aguadilla  to  Rincon,  km.  post  10,  Porto  Rico,  1  specimen,  the  holo- 
type,  station  122,  American  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18572,  C.  A.  Reeds 
collector,  under  the  auspices  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences, 
the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  cooperating. 


FIG.  5. — Encope  latus,  new  species.    Holo- 
type,  X  1. 


52  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Genus  MELLITA  Agassiz,  1841. 

Type  species. — Scutella  quinquefora  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans  Vert., 
vol.  3,  p.  9  =  Echinodiscus  quinquiesperforatus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad 
Klein,  p.  133. 

Mellita  species. 
(Text-figure  6.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  specimen : 

Test  elliptical,  a  little  longer  than  wide.  Very  small,  low,  thin,  with 
rounded  edges.  The  ambulacral  petals  are  rounded  and  rather  short.  A 
small  oval  lunule  is  in  interambulacrum  5,  nearer  to  the  posterior  border 
of  the  test  than  it  is  to  the  apical  disk.  There  are  slight  emarginations  in 
ambulacra  I  and  V,  which  appear  to  be  the  beginnings  of  lunules  formed 
by  inclusion.  The  apical  disk  is  central  in  position,  but  there  are  no  genital 
pores  visible,  although  the  specimen  is  very  well  preserved.  It  would  seem 
that  the  absence  of  the  genital  pores  indicates  the  youth  of  the  specimen. 

This  specimen  measures  7  mm.  in  length,  6  mm.  in  width,  and 
about  1  mm.  in  height. 

Comparing  this  evidently  young  individual  with 
material  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology, 
it  is  almost  identical  in  structure  with  very  young 
specimens  of  Mellita  sexiesperforata  (Leske)  of  about 
the  same  size. 

It  seems  at  first  sight  unreasonable  to  assume  that 
the  genus  Mellita  should  be  represented  in  the  fossil 
state  in  the  West  Indies  only  by  a  specimen  of  such 
rarity  as  a  very  young  individual.  The  only  other 
reasonable  view  would  be  to  assume  that  it  is  an 
adult,  or  at  least  relatively  much  older  individual  of  a  very  small 
species.  It  would  then  be  most  primitive  in  structure,  would  not  fit 
into  the  genus  Mellita  or  any  other  genus  at  present  known,  and  the 
absence  of  genital  pores,  which  is  only  a  youthful  character  in  Echini, 
would  not  be  accounted  for  other  than  by  assuming  rather  extreme 
youth. 

Miocene,  Mayo  Village  Quarry  (locality  11),  Trinidad,  F.  W. 
Penny  collector,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  8583,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
228244. 

Order  EXOCYCLOIDA  Jackson,  1912. 
Suborder  SPATANGINA  Jackson,  1912. 

Of  the  Spatangina,  there  are  many  species  occurring  fossil  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  including  those  which  have  been  published  but  of 
which  I  have  not  seen  material,  there  are  more  species  than  of  all  other 
Echini  put  together.  Notwithstanding  their  relative  abundance,  the 
spatangoids  are  usually  harder  to  study  in  that  the  material  has 
much  thinner  tests  and  is  therefore  much  more  fragile  and  usually  is 
not  as  well  preserved. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  53 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Genera  of  Spatangina . 

1.  Interambulacra  all  approximately  alike  orally,  so  that  there  is  no  sternum  developed, 

even  when  the  mouth  is  anterior. 
A.  Ambulacra  not  petaloid;  test  more  or  less  depressed,  peristome  oblique. 

Test  elongate,  oval  in  marginal  outline Echinoneus 

Test  nearly  or  quite  circular  in  marginal  outline Amblypygus 

AA.  Ambulacra  all  more  or  less  petaloid. 

B.  All  ambulacra  petaloid  or  subpetaloid  abactinally. 

Periproct  higher  than  wide,  marginal Parapygus 

Periproct  wider  than  high,  submarginal Echinolampas 

BB.  Ambulacrum  III  conspicuously  different  abactinally  from  other  ambulacra,  which 
are  broadly  petaloid. 

Ambitus  oval  or  elliptical;   petals  not  tending  to  close  at  ambitus Asterostoma 

Ambitus  subcircular;   petals  closing  at  ambitus Pseudasterostoma 

2.  Interambulacrum  5  conspicuously  different  orally  from  the  others,  forming  the  so-called 

sternum. 

A.  Apical  system  elongate;    genitals  2  and  3  meeting  in  mid-line,  but  separated  from 
genitals  1  and  4  by  oculars  II  and  IV,  only  a  marginal  fascicle 

present Cardiaster 

AA.  Apical  system  not  as  above. 

B.  No  true  subanal  fascicle,  but  a  lateroanal  fascicle  is  frequently  present. 

C.  Peripetalous  fasciole  wanting  anteriorly  as  it  passes,  on  side  of  test,  into  a  mar- 
ginal fascicle  which  runs  below  the  ambitus  both  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly. 
Ambulacra  II  and  IV  scarcely  petaloid  dorsally,  the  anterior  series  of  pore-pairs 

in  each  are  greatly  reduced  or  wanting Agassizia- 

Ambulacra  II  and  IV  petaloid;  anterior  series  of  pore-pairs  normal Prenaster 

CC.  Peripetalous  fasciole  complete;   no  marginal  fasciole. 

D.  Abactinal  system  ethmophract;  no  lateroanal  fasciole;   genital  pores  4. .   Hemiaster 
DD.  Abactinal  system  ethmolytic. 

E.  Genital  pores  4;   lateral  petals  not  deeply  sunken. 

Petals  I  and  V  much  shorter  than  II  and  IV;   test  very  wide Par  aster 

Petals  I  and  V  about  as  long  as  II  and  IV;  test  narrower Pcriaster 

EE.  Genital  pores  2  or  3;  all  petals  deeply  sunken Schizaster 

BB.  Subanal  fasciole  present. 

F.  No  internal  fasciole. 
G.  Petals,  at  least  the  paired  ones,  deeply  sunken. 

H.  Ambulacrum  III  more  or  less  petaloid,  sunken Brissopsis 

HH.  Ambulacrum  III  not  petaloid. 

I.  A  distinct  anal  fasciole  present Plagiobrissus 

II.  No  anal  fasciole. 

Ambulacrum  III  sunken  so  that  the  ambitus  is  concave  anteriorly, 

often  deeply  so Macropneustes 

Ambulacrum  III  flush,  ambitus  anteriorly  more  or  less  convex. Brissus 

GG.  Petals  flush Eupatagus 

FF.  Internal  fasciole  present Breynia 

Of  the  genera  of  the  Spatangina  found  fossil  in  the  West  Indies, 
the  following  number  of  fossil  species  have  been  recognized : 

Under  Echinoneus  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  54). 

Under  Amblypygus  only  1  fossil  species,  Amblypygus  americaniis. 

Under  Parapygus  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  56) 

Under  Echinalampas  7  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  57). 

Under  Asterostoma  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  67). 

Under  Pseudasterostoma  only  1  fossil  species,  Pseudasterostoma  jimenoi. 

Under  Cardiaster  only  1  fossil  species,  Cardiaster  cubensis. 

Under  Agassizia  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  70). 

Under  Prenaster  only  1  fossil  species,  Prenaster  loveni. 

Under  Hemiaster  4  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  73). 

Under  Paraster  5  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  75). 

Under  Periaster  only  1  fossil  species,  Periaster  elongatus. 

Under  Schizaster  only  1  fossil  species,  Schizaster  scillce. 

Under  Brissopsis  3  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  81). 

Under  Plagiobrissus  only  1  fossil  species,  Plagiobrissus  loveni. 


54  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Under  Macropneustes  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  84). 
Under  Brissus  2  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  86). 
Under  Eupatagus  7  fossil  species  (see  Key,  p.  88). 
Under  Breynia  only  1  fossil  species,  Brcynia  cubensis. 

Family  ECHINONEID^;  A.  Agassiz,  1881. 

Echinoneidae  A.  Agassiz,  1881  -  Echinonidae  Wright.  1855. 

Genus  ECHINONEUS  Leske,  1778. 

Type  species. — Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein, 
p.  109. 

There  seem  to  be  only  2  species  recognizable  among  the  fossil  species 
of  this  genus  in  the  West  Indies. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Echinoneus. 

Ambitus  nearly  circular,  the  shorter  diameter  being  over  90  per  cent  of  the  longer.  E.  orbicular  is 
Ambitus  elliptical,  the  shorter  diameter  being  less  than  90  per  cent  and  usually  about  75 

per  cent  of  the  longer E.  cyclostomus 

Echinoneus  orbicularis  Desor. 

Echinoneus  orbicularis  Desor,  1846,  Catalogue  Raisonne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser  3,  vol.  7,  p.  144. 
Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  47,  plate  15,  fig.  4. 

This  species  is  recorded  by  Cotteau  as  known  fossil  in  the  West 
Indies  from  a  single  specimen  from  Recent  calcareous  concretions  in 
the  island  of  Cuba.  The  specimen  is  in  the  d'Orbigny  collection  in 
the  Paris  Museum. 

Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske. 

(Plate  9,  Figures  4,  5.) 
Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein,  p.  109.     Guppy,   1866,  Quart.  Jour. 

Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  301.      Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana, 

vol.  22,  p.  48,  plate  15,  figs.  5  to  9.     H.  L.  Clark,  1917,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 

vol.  46,  No.  2,  p.  102. 
Echinoneus  semilunaris  A.  Agassiz,  1873,  Revision  of  Echini,  p.  118;    1883,  Mem.  Mus. 

Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  p.  90. 
Echinoneus  Cotteau.  1875.  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl..  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  14,  plate  1. 

figs.  28  to  30. 
Echinoneus  minor  Guppy  (non  Leske),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  195. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  oval,  low,  rounded,  wider  posteriorly  than  anteriorly.  Peristome 
strongly  elliptical,  a  little  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  test,  set  on  a  slant 
from  the  antero-posterior  axis  of  the  test.  Periproct  large,  ovate,  broadest 
anteriorly,  situated  halfway  from  the  peristome  to  the  posterior  border 
of  the  test.  Ambulacra  apetaloid,' flush  with  surface,  narrow,  and  broadest 
above  the  ambitus.  Poriferous  areas  are  very  narrow.  Apical  system  a 
little  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  test,  but  the  details  of  apical  plates  or 
pores  could  not  be  made  out.  Tubercles  small,  not  very  closely  associated 
dorsally;  ventrally  more  closely  associated,  as  shown  in  the  figures. 

This  species  is  represented  by  a  single  specimen  from  Anguilla  in  the 
National  Museum.  Cotteau  says  that  he  had  a  single  specimen  in 
the  Cleve  collection  from  Anguilla,  on  which  his  figures  were  based. 
Guppy  also  had  a  single  specimen  from  Anguilla,  as  stated  by  him  in 
his  published  paper.  Whether  this  specimen  in  the  U.  S.  National 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPAT  ANGINA.  55 

Museum  is  the  original  of  Guppy  or  Cleve  is  not  certain,  but  it  corre- 
sponds so  well  with  Cotteau's  figures  that  it  is  probably  the  Cleve 
specimen.  Somewhat  curiously,  Cotteau  did  not  feel  that  he  could 
give  a  species  name  to  Echinoneus  as  he  described  it  on  page  14  of  the 
work  cited,  for  his  published  figures  are  very  good. 

The  specimen  measures  7.5  mm.  in  height,  17  mm.  in  length,  and 
12.5  mm.  in  width.  It  is  interesting  to  find  that  this  species,  which  is 
living  at  the  present  time  in  the  West  Indian  fauna  as  well  as  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  should  be  found  fossil  in  such  comparatively  ancient 
geological  deposits.  It  was  in  this  species  that  Mr.  A.  Agassiz  described 
(1909,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  28,  pp.490  to  492,  plate  2)  the  most  interest- 
ing fact  that  the  young  of  Echinoneus  has  a  lantern,  it  being  at  present 
the  only  known  case  of  this  structure  occurring  in  the  spatangoids. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve 
(or  possibly  from  the  original  Guppy  collection),  1  specimen,  probably 
the  original  of  Cotteau's,  1875,  plate  1,  figs.  28  to  30,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115402.  Santiago  de  Cuba,  1  specimen,  received  January  1910, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328223.  Cotteau,  in  his  Spanish  report,  quoting 
A.  Agassiz  (Blake  Echini),  says  that  this  species  occurs  in  the  Pliocene 
of  Cuba  and  Guadeloupe,  also  the  Miocene  [Oligocene]  of  Anguilla. 

Genus  AMBLYPYGUS  Agassiz,  1846-7. 

Type  species. — Amblypygus  apheles  Agassiz,  1847.  Cat.  Raisonne, 
Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  7,  p.  166. 

Amblypygus  americanus  Desor. 
Amblypygus  americanus  Desor,  1858,  Synopsis  des  6chinides  fossiles,  p.  256. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Large  species,  circular  in  marginal  outline,  with  high  rounded  border, 
flattened  dome-shaped  above,  concave  below,  ambulacra  wide,  15  mm.  at 
the  ambitus,  slightly  elevated,  non-petaloid,  continuous  over  the  border 
to  the  peristome.  The  poriferous  areas  of  the  ambulacra  are  depressed,  4 
mm.  wide  at  the  widest  part,  which  is  about  midway  from  the  ambitus  to 
the  apical  disk  and  from  this  broadest  part  narrowing  adapically  and  ado- 
rally.  The  apical  disk  is  small,  excentric  anteriorly.  The  peristome  is  a 
little  excentric  anteriorly  and  is  small,  but  the  outline  is  not  clear  on  the 
plaster  cast  from  which  these  observations  are  made.  It  is,  however,  doubt- 
less obliquely  elongate,  as  in  other  species  of  the  genus.  The  peristome  is 
evidently  smaller  than  the  periproct  as  noted  by  Desor.  The  periproct 
is  large,  elongate  pyriform,  measuring  21  mm.  in  length  and  12  mm.  in  its 
greatest  width.  The  peristome  is  situated  on  the  ventral  surface  halfway  from 
the  peristome  to  the  posterior  border  of  the  test.  Details  of  the  apical  disk, 
outlines  of  plates,  and  tubercles  are  not  distinguishable  on  the  plaster  cast. 

The  specimen  measures  37  mm.  in  height,  93  mm.  in  length,  and 
90  mm.  in  width. 

This  species  was  described  by  Desor,  but  has  apparently  never 
been  figured.  He  states  that  the  original  is  in  the  Michelin  collection. 
The  observations  here  made  are  based  on  a  plaster  cast  bearing  the 


56  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

original  number  of  "Y.  5,"  which  is  the  number  given  by  Desor  as 
the  type  of  the  species.  It  is  from  the  Louis  Agassiz  collection,  which 
was  received  at  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  in  1859.  Duncan 
and  Sladen  (1883,  Palaeontologia  Indica,  ser.  14,  p.  13)  publish  some 
notes  on  the  species  based  on  a  specimen  in  the  British  Museum. 

This  species  closely  resembles  Aniblypygus  merrilli  Twitchell  (1915, 
Monograph  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  vol.  54,  p.  165,  pis.  76,  77,  78,  figs,  la 
to  Ib),  but  the  test  in  americanus  is  much  lower,  not  conical  as  in  mer- 
rilli. Twitchell  described  A.  merrilli  from  the  Ocala  limestone  of 
Florida,  and  this  formation  was  then  considered  as  Oligocene.  Accord- 
ing to  latest  authority,  however  (see  p.  110),  the  Ocala  limestone  is 
considered  as  Eocene. 

Tertiary,  doubtless  Eocene,  Jamaica.  A  plaster  cast  of  the  type  (orig. 
No.  Y.  5),  L.  Agassiz  collection,  subscription  of  1859,  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.  No.  724. 

Family  NUCLEOLITID^  Gregory,  1900. 

The  family  name  Nucleolitidae  is  used  to  replace  the  old  name 
Cassidulidae,  which  had  to  be  abandoned,  since  Cassidulus  is  pre- 
occupied, all  as  set  forth  by  H.  L.  Clark,  1917,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.,  vol.  46,  No.  2,  p.  103. 

Genus  PARAPYGUS  Pomel,  1883. 

Type  species. — Botriopygus  toucasanus  d'Orbigny,  1855,  Paleon- 
tologie  Francaise,  vol.  6,  Echini,  p.  340,  plate  931. 

The  name  Parapygus  must  replace  Echinanthus  as  used  by  Desor, 
Duncan,  Cotteau,  and  others.  For  full  account  of  this  change,  see 
H.  L.  Clark,  1911,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  8,  vol.  7,  p.  594. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Parapygus. 

Periproct  marginal;  test  about  half  as  high  as  long;   petals  tend  to  close P.  antillarum 

Periproct  supramarginal;  height  of  test  over  60  per  cent  of  length;  petals  not  tending 

to  close P.  parallelus 

Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  9,  Figures  6  to  9.) 

Echinanthus  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  26, 
plate  4,  figs.  9  to  12;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  52,  plate  16. 
figs.  1  to  4.  Non  Gregory,  see  p.  39. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  rounded  anteriorly,  subtruncate  posteriorly; 
upper  face  swollen,  thick  on  the  sides,  subcarinate  posteriorly;  lower  face 
nearly  flat,  a  little  hollowed  antero-posteriorly.  Apical  disk  anterior  to 
the  center.  Ambulacral  areas  petaloid,  slightly  swollen,  fairly  broad, 
contracting  at  their  tips,  the  two  posterior  petals  a  little  longer  than  the 
others.  Poriferous  areas  a  little  depressed,  with  unequal  pores,  the  internal 
rounded,  the  external  narrow,  elongated,  and  oblique.  The  poriferous 
areas  cease  being  petaloid  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  ventral 
border;  the  pores  become  very  small  and  disappear  among  the  tubercles, 
which  are  small,  crowded,  homogeneous,  and  everywhere  very  abundant. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  57 

The  peristome  is  excentric  anteriorly,  stelliform,  and  is  furnished  with 
a  very  apparent  floscelle.  The  periproct  is  narrow,  elongate,  supramarginal, 
opening  on  the  posterior  face  at  the  summit  of  a  groove,  slightly  indicated 
and  surmounted  by  a  slight  expansion  of  the  test. 

Height,  25.5  mm.,  length,  48  mm.,  width,  34  mm.  These  measure- 
ments do  not  correspond  very  closely  with  those  given  by  Cotteau,  but 
the  specimen  is  somewhat  distorted  and  he  may  have  allowed  for  this. 
The  sutures  of  the  plates  in  the  type  are  nearly  or  quite  invisible,  as 
are  also  the  genital  pores.  I  saw  no  trace  of  the  ambulacra  below  the 
petals  or  at  all  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  test,  but  the  tubercular 
ornamentation  of  the  test  is  clearly  preserved. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  cotype,  the 
original  of  Cotteau's  figures,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  1  specimen, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115417.  Two  additional  specimens,  apparently 
cotypes,  both  good  for  the  ventral  side  showing  the  peristome,  St. 
Bartholomew,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115420. 
Cotteau  cites  specimens  from  the  Eocene  of  Santa  Lucia,  Cuba. 

Parapygus  parallelus  (Cotteau). 

Echinanthus    parallelus    Cotteau,   1897,    Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,    p.  S3, 
plate  12,  figs.  8  to  13. 

This  species  is  referred  by  Cotteau  to  Azpeita,  but  with  him  it  is 
simply  a  manuscript  name  with  no  standing.  I  have  not  seen  material 
of  this  species,  of  which  Cotteau  says  it  is  common  in  the  Eocene 
deposits  of  Santa  Lucia,  Province  of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba. 

Genus  ECHINOLAMPAS  Gray,  1825. 

Type  species. — Echinanthus  ovatus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein,  p.  127. 

There  are  many  fossil  species  of  this  genus  in  the  West  Indies  and 
the  characters  run  so  close  they  are  hard  to  distinguish.  H.  L.  Clark 
(1917,  Mem.  Mus.  Com.  Zool.,  vol.  46,  No.  2,  p.  Ill)  also  says  that  the 
Recent  species  of  this  genus  are  very  hard  to  distinguish  from  one 
another.  None  of  the  fossil  species  is  at  all  near  to  the  Recent  species 
of  the  West  Indies. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Echinolampas. 

Size  very  large;   ambitus  nearly  circular;   test  high E.  semiorbis 

Size  moderate  or  small;  ambitus  more  or  less  elliptical  or  oval. 

Lateral  margins  of  interporiferous  areas  of  petals  straight  and  diverging. 

Periproct  marginal;   interporiferous  areas  of  petals  flat E.  ant  Mar  urn 

Periproct  submarginal;   interporiferous  areas  of  petals  slightly  tumid E.  ovumserpentis 

Lateral  margins  of  interporiferous  areas  of  petals  convex,  converging  slightly  near  the  tip. 
Test  long,  narrow;    petals,  especially  the  posterior  pair,  short;    peristome  anterior, 

periproct  marginal E.  clevei 

Test  wider;   petals  longer;   peristome  central  or  subcentral. 

Test  more  or  less  flattened,  or  if  high,  not  at  all  subconical;  petals  short,  wide,  with 

unequal  or  subequal  poriferous  areas;  peristome  only  a  little  sunken.. E.  lycopersicus 
Test  high  and  subconical;   poriferous  areas  of  lateral  petals  often  quite  unequal. 
Height  of  test  60  per  cent  of  length;  poriferous  areas  of  posterior  petals  about 

equal;   peristome  slightly  sunken E.  castroi 

Height  of  test  about  50  per  cent  of  length;   poriferous  areas  of  posterior  petals 

quite  unequal;   peristome  deeply  sunken E.  anguillat 


58  FOSSIL   ECHINI    OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy. 
(Plate  10,  Figures  1  to  3.) 

Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy,  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  299, 
plate  19,  fig.  7.  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6, 
p.  24,  plate  5,  figs.  1,  2;  plate  6,  fig.  1;  1897,  Bol.  Cora.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia, 
vol.  22,  p.  55,  plate  17,  figs.  1,  2;  plate  18,  figs.  1,  2.  Lambert,  1915,  M6m.  Soc. 
d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  20. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  Cotteau 's  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  large  size,  subcircular,  a  little  longer  than  wide;  upper  face 
high,  regularly  arched,  hemispherical;  lower  face  nearly  flat,  rounded  on 
the  borders,  subconcave  in  the  middle.  Apical  disk  nearly  central,  slightly 
anterior.  Ambulacral  areas  are  not  elevated,  but  petaloid,  nearly  straight, 
long,  widely  open  at  the  ends,  nearly  equal;  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V, 
however,  a  little  longer  than  the  others.  Poriferous  areas  very  well  devel- 
oped, a  little  depressed,  with  very  unequal  pores;  the  internal  pores  are 
rounded,  the  external  long,  narrow,  and  oblique.  The  poriferous  areas 
in  the  anterior  ambulacra  II,  III,  and  IV  cease  to  be  petaloid  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  ambitus.  In  the  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V, 
they  preserve  their  petaloid  forms  a  little  nearer  to  the  ambitus.  Toward 
the  ambitus  and  lower  face  the  pores  become  single,  very  small,  widely 
spaced,  and  scarcely  visible  among  the  tubercles.  They  reappear  and 
increase  around  the  peristome.  Tubercles  are  strongly  scrobiculate,  crowded, 
similar  everywhere,  abundant,  a  little  more  widely  spaced  at  the  approach 
to  the  mouth.  [There  are  minute  granules  in  the  intertubercular  spaces 
on  exceptionally  well  preserved  specimens.]  Peristome  transverse,  narrow, 
subpentagonal,  furnished  with  a  floscelle,  opening  in  the  middle  of  the 
depression  of  the  lower  face;  a  little  excentric  anteriorly,  corresponding 
in  position  to  the  apical  disk  dorsally.  Periproct  oval,  transverse,  infra- 
marginal.  Apical  disk  compact,  prominent,  remarkable  for  the  development 
of  the  madreporite,  which  fills  the  middle  of  the  disk.  The  two  anterior 
genital  pores  2  and  3  are  nearer  together  than  are  the  two  posterior  pores  1 
and  4. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  distinctive  of  all  the  species  of  Echino- 
lampas occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies.  A  fine  large  specimen  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum  (No.  115386),  labeled  as  the  type,  measures 
50  mm.  in  height,  107  mm.  in  length,  and  97  mm.  in  width.  It  shows 
the  ornamentation  and  ventral  characters  well,  but  does  not  show 
suture  lines.  Another  specimen  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  (No. 
115383)  is  almost  an  exact  duplicate  of  the  above,  but  is  not  quite  as 
well  preserved,  as  some  plates  are  wanting;  however,  it  is  better  in 
some  respects,  as  the  madreporite  and  characteristic  4  genital  pores 
are  clearly  preserved  and  the  ornamentation  is  fine. 

This  species,  semiorbis,  is  distinguished  from  the  other  West  Indian 
fossil  forms  by  its  great  size,  high  dome-shaped  test,  and  flat  base.  It  is 
very  abundant  in  the  island  of  Anguilla,  where  Guppy  says  it  is  used  as  a 
pound  weight  by  the  inhabitants.  Doctor  Vaughan,  in  collecting  at 
Anguilla,  obtained  no  less  than  34  finely  preserved  specimens,  which  are 
strikingly  alike  in  form  and  even  in  size.  The  most  obvious  difference 
as  a  matter  of  variation  is  that  in  some  individuals  the  apical  disk  is 
set  farther  forward  than  in  others,  resulting  in  a  more  marked  posterior 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  59 

slope  of  the  test  from  the  apical  disk  to  the  ambitus.  While  apparently 
most  abundant  in  the  island  of  Anguilla,  E.  semiorbis  has  quite  a  wide 
distribution,  having  been  found  in  Cuba  and  the  Panama  Canal  Zone. 

Cotteau,  1875,  gives  the  locality  for  this  species  as  St.  Bartholomew, 
and  this  is  repeated  hi  his  Spanish  report,  1897.  It  is,  however,  an 
entire  mistake.  This  error  was  strongly  pointed  out  by  Guppy  in 
191 1.1  Also,  Vaughan  tells  me  that  no  such  material  is  found  in  St. 
Bartholomew.  The  geological  horizon  of  the  rocks  in  St.  Bartholo- 
mew is  Eocene  and  the  lithological  facies  is  entirely  distinct  from  the 
Anguilla  rocks.  The  fossils  of  St.  Bartholomew  are  dark  blue-gray, 
whereas  those  from  Anguilla  are  a  light  yellowish-buff. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  Guppy  collection,  cotype,  figured  by 
Guppy  in  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  plate  19,  fig.  7,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115386.  Another  specimen  from  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection,  also 
labeled  as  a  type  [cotype],  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115383.  Whether 
either  of  these  two  specimens  is  the  original  of  Cotteau's  1875  figures  is 
not  certain;  but  the  first  one  mentioned,  and  here  reproduced  (No. 
1 15386) ,  may  well  have  been  the  basis  of  his  published  figures.  Cotteau 
mentions  having  specimens  from  Cuba  in  his  own  collection.  Crocus 
Bay  Hill,  roadside  descent  to  Crocus  Bay  from  Valley,  Anguilla,  T.  W. 
Vaughan  collector,  1914,  4  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6893. 
Crocus  Bay,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  24  specimens, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6894.  Southwest  side  of  Crocus  Bay,  30  to 
50  feet  above  sea-level,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  6 
specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6966.  Lambert  reports  from  the 
"Miocene"  of  Anguilla  numerous  specimens  of  semiorbis  in  the  British 
Museum.  Oligocene,  Finca  Carillo,  near  River  Hanabana,  El  Caimito, 
Cuba,  from  Dr.  Carlos  de  la  Torre  collection,  1  specimen,  beautifully 
preserved,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3231. 

In  addition  to  the  above  localities  for  this  species,  Cotteau  gives 
San  Martin,  Matanzas,  Cuba,  collection  of  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geo- 
16gico  de  Espana.  It  also  occurs  in  the  Oligocene  Emperador  limestone 
of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  Las  Cascadas,  Gaillard  Cut,  several 
specimens,  collected  by  D.  F.  Macdonald  and  T.  W.  Vaughan,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Sur.  stations  58666  and  6019G. 

Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau. 
(Plate  9,  Figures  10  to  12.) 

Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol  13,  No.  6, 

p.  19,  plate  3,  figs.  9  to  12. 
Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12, 

p.  196. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 

Species  of  medium  size,  oval,  elongate,  rounded  anteriorly,  subtruncate 

posteriorly;    upper  surface  very  little  swollen,  lower  face  cushion-shaped; 

1  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  67,  p.  685. 


60  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

rounded  on  the  border,  concave  in  the  middle.  Apical  disk  subcentral 
[anterior  to  the  center].  Ambulacral  areas  are  narrow,  elongate,  nearly 
straight,  flush,  narrowing  at  the  tips,  which,  however,  are  widely  open. 
The  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V  are  a  little  longer  than  the  others;  porif- 
erous areas  are  narrow,  not  depressed,  with  unequal  pores;  the  internal 
rounded,  the  external  elongate,  narrow,  and  oblique.  The  poriferous  areas 
only  cease  to  be  petaloid  at  a  very  short  distance  from  the  border.  Tubercles 
are  scrobiculate,  scattered,  abundant,  a  little  less  crowded  on  the  upper 
face  than  in  the  marginal  region.  Peristome  opening  in  a  depression  of 
the  lower  face.  Periproct  transversely  elongate,  angular,  placed  very 
near  the  border. 

There  is  only  a  single  specimen  in  the  Washington  collection.  It 
measures  15.5  mm.  in  height,  33  mm.  in  length,  and  29  mm.  in  width. 
Of  this  species  Cotteau  says  it  is  very  rare,  but  he  does  not  say  how 
many  specimens  he  had,  other  than  mentioning  both  the  Cleve  collec- 
tion and  the  Museum  at  Upsala.  The  Cleve  specimen  differs  so  much 
in  measurement  from  Cotteau's  figures,  and  moreover  is  so  imperfectly 
preserved,  both  dorsally  and  ventrally,  that  it  is  quite  probable  that 
Cotteau  figured  and  made  use  of  the  Upsala  specimen  rather  than  this 
one  in  his  description.  This  species  is  very  close  to  Echinolampas 
lycopersicus,  the  similarity  being  in  general  configuration,  in  the 
anterior  position  of  the  apical  disk,  and  in  the  large  oval  periproct. 
Cotteau  pointed  out  the  resemblance  to  lycopersicus,  but  distinguished 
it  by  the  fact  that  the  ambulacra  are  narrower,  straighter,  longer,  and 
less  petaloid.  The  test  is  more  concave  ventrally  and  the  periproct 
is  situated  farther  posteriorly.  Guppy  treated  antillarum  as  a  form  of 
ovumserpentis,  but  I  think  the  previous  comparison  is  much  closer. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  lycopersicus  is  from  the  Oligocene,  whereas  both 
antillarum  and  ovumserpentis  are  Eocene. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy 
collection  ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  cotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115401. 
The  label  refers  this  specimen  to  Cotteau's  plate  3,  figures  9  to  11,  but 
it  seems  more  likely,  from  the  discrepancies  of  the  specimen  and 
figures,  that  these  figures  were  taken  from  the  Upsala  Museum 
specimen,  which  Cotteau  mentions  in  his  text. 

Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy. 
(Plate  10,'  Figures  4,  5.) 

Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy,  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  300, 
plate  19,  figs.  4o,  b,  5,  6.  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13, 
No.  6,  p.  20,  plate  3,  figs.  13  to  21;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22, 
p.  62,  plate  16,  figs.  5  to  9. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  Cotteau's  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  elongate,  narrow,  and  rounded  anteriorly;  a 
little  dilated  and  truncate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  high,  more  or  less 
rounded  above,  sometimes  subdepressed,  having  its  greatest  height  cor- 
responding to  the  apical  disk;  lower  face  strongly  cushion-like,  rounded 
on  the  borders.  The  apical  disk  is  nearly  central,  more  often  a  little  pos- 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  61 

terior.  Ambulacral  areas  petaloid,  subcostulate,  very  open  distally,  and 
yet  contracted  a  little  at  the  ends.  The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  longer, 
straighter,  and  narrower  than  the  others;  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  is 
shorter  than  the  posterior  pair.  Poriferous  areas  strongly  developed,  with 
very  unequal  pores,  the  internal  rounded,  the  external  long,  narrow,  and 
transverse.  Near  the  ambitus  the  areas  cease  to  be  petaloid  and  the  pores  are 
reduced,  as  in  all  species  of  Echinolampas,  to  single  series  ranged  obliquely 
and  scarcely  visible  in  the  midst  of  the  tubercles;  the  poriferous  areas 
then  converge  in  nearly  a  straight  line  to  the  peristome,  around  which, 
without  being  very  numerous,  the  pores  appear  to  draw  together  and  in- 
crease a  little.  Tubercles  are  strongly  scrobiculate,  homogeneous,  and 
disposed  without  order,  everywhere  very  abundant.  Peristome  relatively 
large,  subpentagonal  and  angular  [sunken,  opening  a  little  posterior  to  or] 
in  the  middle  of  the  lower  face.  Periproct  small,  subcircular,  inframarginal, 
a  little  removed  from  the  posterior  border.  The  apical  disk  is  compact, 
slightly  developed,  and  prominent.  The  madreporite  is  very  extended, 
forming  a  large  part  of  the  apical  disk.  Four  genital  pores,  very  open; 
the  anterior  pair  nearer  together  than  the  posterior  pair.  Ocular  plates 
are  angular,  very  small,  in  direct  contact  with  the  madreporic  plate. 

This  species  is  very  abundant  in  Trinidad  and  St.  Bartholomew. 
Measurements  are  taken  from  a  Trinidad  specimen  in  the  collections 
of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  (No.  115389).  Height,  19  mm.,  length, 
42  mm.,  width,  33  mm. 

A  large  and  very  beautiful  series  of  specimens  from  Trinidad,  col- 
lected by  J.  A.  Bullbrook,  are  fine  for  a  study  of  variation  and  for 
structure  as  well,  as  they  are  beautifully  preserved.  Some  of  these  are 
broad  and  flattened,  strongly  resembling  ly coper sicus;  others  are  high 
and  rounded,  as  is  typical  of  the  species.  The  material  came  in  after 
this  manuscript  was  finished  and  too  late  to  make  use  of  it  further 
than  by  this  brief  note. 

A  large  collection  of  specimens  of  this  species  made  by  Vaughan  in 
St.  Bartholomew,  with  other  material,  gives  good  opportunity  for 
seeing  the  range  of  variation  in  this  species,  which  is  considerable. 
Some  are  wide  and  quite  flat,  others  narrow,  elongate,  rounded,  and 
high;  the  apical  disk  is  quite  uniformly  close  to  the  center  of  the  test 
or  a  little  posterior. 

Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  approaches  nearest  to  ly  coper  sicus  of 
all  the  West  Indian  fossil  species,  but  is  distinguished  from  that  by 
a  number  of  characters.  In  ovumserpentis  the  apical  disk  is  central 
or  slightly  posterior;  the  ambulacral  petals  are  truncate  and  extend 
nearer  to  the  ambitus;  the  tuberculation  is  coarser,  with  tubercles 
relatively  farther  apart.  There  are  typically  3  tubercles  in  a  line  across 
the  interporiferous  area  of  an  ambulacral  petal ;  the  periproct  is  very 
small  and  farther  from  the  posterior  border;  the  peristome  is  more 
angular  and  more  deeply  sunken.  On  the  other  hand,  in  ly  coper  sicus 
the  apical  disk  is  anterior,  not  central ;  the  ambulacral  petals  are  flaring 
at  the  tips  and  do  not  extend  so  near  to  the  ambitus;  the  tubercula- 
tion is  finer,  with  tubercles  more  crowded.  There  are  typically  6 


62  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST    INDIES. 

tubercles  across  the  interporiferous  area  of  an  ambulacral  petal;  the 
periproct  is  much  larger  and  nearer  the  posterior  border  of  the  test; 
the  peristome  is  less  angular  and  less  sunken  than  in  ovumserpentis. 

The  material  in  Washington  consists  of  several  lots  from  Trinidad, 
the  type  locality,  and  from  St.  Bartholomew.  Cotteau  says  that 
besides  the  Cleve  collection  he  had  specimens  from  the  museums  of 
Stockholm  and  Upsala. 

Specimens  of  Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  from  Jamaica  are  asso- 
ciated with  Cidaris  foveata  and  from  Trinidad  are  associated  with 
Peronella  mirabilis,  both  as  here  described. 

Eocene,  San  Fernando  formation,  San  Fernando,  Trinidad,  Guppy 
collection,  labeled  as  types  [cotypes]  and  figured,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol. 
Soc.,  vol.  22,  7  specimens,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115389.  San  Fernando, 
Trinidad,  Guppy  collection,  also  labeled  as  types  [cotypes],  6  specimens, 
all  much  worn,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115409.  Trinidad,  cotypes, 
W.  M.  Gabb  collection  ex  Guppy,  5  specimens,  Philadelphia  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  No.  3352.  Vitabella  Road,  Mount  Moriah,  San  Fernando, 
Trinidad,  J.  A.  Bullbrook  collector,  a  series  of  27  specimens  of  young 
and  adult,  beautifully  preserved,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  8878. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  col- 
lection ex  Cleve,  6  specimens,  labeled  as  original  of  Cotteau's  plate  3, 
figs.  13  to  21,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115392.  Anse  Ecaille,  side  of  point 
between  Anse  Ecaille  and  Anse  Lezard,  from  conglomerate  and  sand- 
stone below  upper  limestone  bed,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan 
collector,  1914,  5  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6897.  Point 
between  Anse  Lezard  and  Anse  Ecaille,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W. 
Vaughan  collector,  1914,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6897a. 
From  a  conglomerate  and  shaly  bed  interbedded  with  limestone,  below 
the  main  limestones  and  at  top  of  the  conglomerate  series  of  beds, 
point  between  Colombier  Point  and  bay  next  to  St.  Jean  Bay,  St. 
Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  10  specimens;  speci- 
mens from  this  locality  run  exceptionally  low  and  flat  for  the  species; 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  68976.  Northwest  side  of  St.  Jean  Bay,  along 
sea- face,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  4  specimens, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6905,  Point  northwest  side  of  St.  Jean  Bay, 
from  bed  of  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector, 
1914,  67  specimens  (many  of  these  are  very  well  preserved  for  struc- 
tural detail),  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6924.  From  conglomerate  bed 
below  limestone  at  top  of  section  or  partly  from  lower  limestone  bed 
just  above  conglomerate,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector, 
1914,  2  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6925.  Spur  on  southeast 
side  of  bay  northwest  of  St.  Jean  Bay,  St.  Bartholomew,  170  feet  above 
sea-level,  1  specimen,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 
station  6895.  This  last-mentioned  specimen  is  very  unusual  in  its 
flatness  and  also  in  its  exceptional  width,  in  which  it  simulates  the 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  63 

broad,  low  forms  of  E.  ly coper sicus,  seen  as  variations  in  large  collec- 
tions of  that  species. 

Eocene,  Jamaica,  from  yellow  marl  or  limestone  (probably  from  Cam- 
bridge formation),  1  specimen,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3235.  Maga- 
zique,  Cuba,  Dr.  Carlos  de  la  Torre  Coll.,  1  specimen,  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.  No.  3232.  Cotteau  also  records  the  species  from  Matanzas, 
Cuba,  Coll.  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espafia,  Madrid. 

Echinolampas  clevei  Cotteau. 
(Plate  10,  Figures  6,  7;   Plate  11,  Figures  1,  2.) 

Echinolampas  clevei  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  23, 
plate  4,  figs.  1  to  5.  Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  196. 
Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  61,  plate  19,  figs.  4  to  6. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  very  elongate,  subcylindrical ;  upper  face  high, 
rounded,  subangular  anteriorly  and  posteriorly,  marked  posteriorly  by 
a  vague,  attenuated  ridge.  Lower  side  cushion-like,  somewhat  prominent 
in  the  posterior  interambulacral  area,  rounded  on  the  borders.  The  apical 
disk  is  very  excentric  anteriorly.  Ambulacral  areas  wide,  petaloid,  not 
costate,  contracted  at  their  lower  extremity,  which  is  slightly  open,  espe- 
cially in  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV,  unequal.  The  anterior  ambulacrum 
III  is  narrower  and  nearly  straight,  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  relatively 
very  short;  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V  are  distinctly  longer.  Poriferous 
areas  are  not  depressed,  formed  of  unequal  pores,  the  internal  rounded, 
the  external  elongate,  narrow,  and  oblique.  The  poriferous  areas  cease 
to  be  petaloid  a  long  distance  from  the  border.  Tubercles  scrobiculate, 
scattered,  abundant.  The  peristome  is  small,  subpentagonal,  appearing 
to  open  flush  with  the  test.  Periproct  little  developed,  oval,  subtriangular, 
wholly  inframarginal. 

A  small  immature  specimen  measures  16  mm.  in  height,  25  mm.  in 
length,  and  18  mm.  in  width.  A  large  specimen  measures  25  mm.  in 
height,  49  mm.  in  length,  and  35  mm.  in  width.  An  exceptionally  large 
specimen,  plate  11,  figures  1  and  2  (No.  115374),  which  is  evidently  the 
one  especially  mentioned  by  Cotteau  for  its  size,  measures  50  mm.  in 
height,  77  mm.  in  length,  and  55  mm.  in  width.  This  species,  by  its 
elongate  form  and  extreme  roundness  of  outline  and  height,  differs  from 
other  species  of  the  genus  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies.  It  also 
differs  by  its  short  ambulacral  petals  and  by  its  small  periproct. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy 
collection  ex  Cleve,  2  specimens,  cotypes,  labeled  as  the  originals  of 
Cotteau's  plate  4,  figures  1  and  5,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115419.  St. 
Bartholomew,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  cotype,  the  original  of 
Cotteau's  plate  4,  figure  4,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115374. 
Cotteau  says  that  he  also  had  material  of  this  species  from  the  Upsala 
Museum,  which  probably  was  the  original  of  two  of  his  figures.  He 
later  records  clevei  from  Matanzas,  Cuba,  the  material  being  in  the 
collection  of  the  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espafia,  Madrid. 


64  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Echinolampas  lycopcrsicus  Guppy. 
(Plate  11,  Figures  3  to  6.) 

Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy,  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  300. 
plate  19,  fig.  8.  Cotteau.  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl..  vol.  13.  No.  6, 
p.  21,  plate  3,  figs.  22  to  26;  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  20;  1897, 
Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafta,  vol.  22,  p.  59,  plate  19,  figs.  1  to  3.  Lambert, 
1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  pp.  21,  29. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  Cotteau's  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  large  size,  oval,  elongate,  rounded  anteriorly,  a  little  angular 
posteriorly;  upper  face  moderately  swollen,  thick  on  the  borders;  lower 
face  nearly  flat,  slightly  cushion-like,  subconcave  around  the  peristome. 
Apical  disk  excentric  anteriorly,  ambulacral  areas  wide,  petaliform,  sub- 
costulate,  very  open  distally  and  yet  distinctly  contracted  at  the  lower 
end.  Poriferous  areas  depressed,  with  very  unequal  pores,  the  internal 
rounded,  the  external  long,  narrow,  transverse.  At  some  distance  from 
the  ambitus  the  ambulacra  cease  to  be  petaloid  and  are  reduced  to  very 
small  pores  directly  superposed.  Around  the  peristome  the  pairs  of  pores 
are  more  apparent  and  increase  a  little.  Tubercles  scrobiculate,  crowded, 
homogeneous,  everywhere  abundant.  The  peristome  is  narrow,  a  little 
excentric  anteriorly,  sensibly  elongate  in  the  transverse  direction,  and 
furnished  with  a  very  evident  floscelle.  Periproct  transverse,  elliptical, 
inframarginal.  Apical  disk  compact,  granular,  circular,  and  furnished 
with  four  large  genital  pores. 

A  specimen  which  is  apparently  the  original  one  figured  by  Guppy 
measures  22  mm.  in  height,  40.5  mm.  in  length,  and  30.5  mm.  in 
width.  A  larger  specimen  in  the  same  lot  of  cotypes  measures  27  mm. 
in  height,  53  mm.  in  length,  and  46.5  mm.  in  width.  This  species, 
which  is  very  abundant  in  the  islands  of  Anguilla  and  Porto  Rico,  is 
very  uniform  in  character  and  varies  principally  in  the  height  of  the 
test.  While  most  specimens  are  quite  low,  some,  especially  from  Porto 
Rico,  are  much  higher  and  dome-shaped. 

Echinolampas  lycopersicus  is  very  similar  to  E.  ovumserpentis.  A 
comparison  of  the  two  species  is  made  under  the  description  of  the 
latter.  The  essential  distinction  of  lycopersicus  is  the  anterior  position 
of  the  apical  disk,  the  larger  size  of  the  periproct,  the  flatness  of  the 
lower  side,  and  the  shallowness  of  the  peristome.  Also,  the  petals  are 
shorter  and  less  unequal.  E.  lycopersicus  is  also  very  close  to  anguillce, 
from  which  it  differs  in  its  less  massive  form  and  less  deeply  sunken 
peristome. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection,  cotypes, 
being  Guppy 's  original  material,  6  specimens,  all  well  preserved,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  115388.  Anguilla,  W.  M.  Gabb  collection  ex  R.  J.  L. 
Guppy,  cotypes,  3  specimens,  Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  No.  3353. 
Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  labeled  as  the  originals  of  Cot- 
teau's plate  3,  figures  22  to  26,  to  which  they  closely  correspond,  3 
specimens,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115387.  Cotteau  mentions  that 
besides  the  Cleve  collection  he  had  material  of  this  species  from  the 
Stockholm  Museum. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  65 

Crocus  Bay,  Anguilla  formation,  southwest  side,  from  rubble  above 
shore-line,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  2  specimens, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6864.  Crocus  Bay  Hill,  roadside  descent  to 
Crocus  Bay  from  Valley,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  3 
specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6893.  Crocus  Bay,  southwest  side, 
Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  31  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol. 
Sur.  station  6894.  Crocus  Bay,  southwest  shore,  from  lowest  10  to 
15  feet  of  fossiliferous  marls,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914, 
1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6965.  Crocus  Bay,  30  to  50  feet 
above  sea-level,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  32  specimens, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6966.  Lambert  reports  numerous  specimens 
from  the  "Miocene"  of  Anguilla.  He  also  reports  a  single  specimen 
from  the  "Miocene"  of  Antigua,  in  which  it  appears  to  be  rare,  this 
being  the  only  record  for  lycopersicus  in  the  island  of  Antigua.  The 
Antigua  specimen  and  probably  some  Anguilla  specimens  were  col- 
lected by  J.  W.  Gregory  in  1899,  collection  of  British  Museum. 

Oligocene;  Rabell's  Ranch,  11  km.  northeast  of  San  Sebastian, 
Porto  Rico,  shaly  limestone,  1  km.  northeast  of  ranch  house  (a  higher 
horizon  than  station  108),  30  specimens,  stations  100  to  112,C.A.  Reeds 
collector.  Collazo  shales,  Government  Road,  San  Sebastian  to 
Lares,  Porto  Rico;  kilometer  post  28;  collected  from  talus  slope 
beneath  limestone  bluff  some  50  feet  in  height;  3  specimens,  station 
51,  C.  A.  Reeds  collector.  Collazo  shales,  Government  Road,  San 
Sebastian  to  Lares,  Porto  Rico,  kilometer  post  29,  from  11  to  12  feet 
of  bluish  shale  exposed  along  roadside;  1  specimen,  station  63,  C.  A. 
Reeds  collector.  "Arecibo"  to  Lares  Road,  km.  16,  Porto  Rico,  collected 
from  fresh  limestone  fragments  thrown  out  from  a  cistern  excavation 
along  side  of  road;  7  specimens,  station  509,  C.  A.  Reeds  collector. 
Collazo  shales,  Collazo  River,  5  km.  east  of  San  Sebastian,  Porto  Rico; 
collected  from  stream  bank  below  third  waterfall,  20  to  100  feet  below 
height  of  bridge  on  Government  Road,  1  specimen,  station  36,  C.  A. 
Reeds  collector.  Cliff  face,  east  shore  of  Guanica  Harbor,  Porto 
Rico,  300  feet  south  of  small  cave  (of  station  341);  beds  of  shaly 
limestone,  somewhat  stratified,  1  specimen,  station  375,  C.  A.  Reeds 
collector.  "Arecibo"  limestone,  Corozal,  Porto  Rico,  1  specimen, 
station  555,  Professor  N.  L.  Britton  collector.  "Arecibo"  formation, 
limestone  escarpment  northwest  of  Utuado,  Porto  Rico,  1  highly 
crystalline  specimen,  station  554,  H.  E.  Anthony  collector,  1916.  All 
of  above  Porto  Rican  material  collected  on  the  expedition  of  New 
York  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 

Oligocene;  mountain  near  Candelaria,  Pinar  del  Rio  Province, 
Cuba,  W.  Palmer  collector,  1917;  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
324447.  Near  Santiago,  Cuba,  De  la  Torre  collector;  1  specimen, 
Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  No.  3349.  San  Martin,  Guamutas, 


66  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE    WEST   INDIES. 

Cuba,  Poey  collection;  1  specimen,  Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  No. 
3350.  Cotteau  records  this  species  from  the  "Miocene"  of  San  Martin, 
Matanzas,  Cuba. 

Echinolampas  castroi  Cotteau. 

Echinolampas  castroi  Cotteau.  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  G£ol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  19,  plate  2,  figs. 
3  to  6;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafta,  vol.  22,  p.  57,  plate  3,  figs.  3  to  6. 

Cotteau  ascribes  this  species  to  the  Eocene  and  says  it  is  rare,  environs 
of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  and  that  he  has  material  in  his  own  collection. 

Echinolampas  anguillae  Cotteau. 
(Plate  11,  Figures  7  to  9.) 

Echinolampas  anguillee  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  24, 
plate  4.  figs.  6  to  8.  Guppy,  1911,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  67,  p.  692. 
Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79.  p.  30. 

Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12, 
p.  196. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  large  size,  elongate,  rounded,  and  a  little  narrowed  anteriorly, 
more  dilated  and  slightly  subrostrate  posteriorly ;  upper  face  swollen, 
elevated,  subconical,  sloping  on  the  sides,  having  its  greatest  height  through 
the  apical  disk.  Lower  face  subcushion-like,  rounded  on  the  borders, 
deeply  depressed  in  the  middle.  Apical  disk  excentric  anteriorly.  Ambu- 
lacral  areas  are  wide,  petaloid,  subcostulate,  and  very  open  distally,  though 
somewhat  contracted  at  that  point.  The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is 
straighter  and  a  little  narrower  than  the  others,  the  posterior  pair  I  and 
V  is  longer.  Poriferous  areas  are  depressed,  formed  of  very  unequal  pores, 
the  internal  being  rounded,  the  external  long,  narrow,  and  transverse.  At 
a  certain  distance  from  the  border  the  areas  cease  to  be  petaloid  and  the 
pores  are  reduced  to  single  pores  ranged  by  oblique  pairs  and  very  difficult 
to  see  among  the  tubercles.  The  tubercles  are  scrobiculate,  crowded, 
homogeneous,  and  everywhere  very  abundant.  The  peristome  is  a  little 
excentric  anteriorly,  appearing  to  be  longer  transversely,  opening  in  a 
deep  depression  of  the  lower  side.  The  periproct  is  transversely  elliptical, 
subangular,  and  inframarginal. 

There  is  only  one  specimen  in  the  Guppy  collection,  and  that  appears 
to  be  the  only  one  Cotteau  had,  as  he  says  it  is  very  rare  and  does  not 
figure  or  mention  any  other.  It  measures  38  mm.  in  height,  75  mm.  in 
length,  and  60.5  mm.  in  width.  This  species  is  very  close  to  lycopersicus 
and  seems  to  differ  principally  in  its  massive  and  subconical  form.  The 
type  is  more  deeply  concave  ventrally  than  lycopersicus,  which  is  very 
shallow  in  its  ventral  depression.  It  may  be  observed  that  other  speci- 
mens that  are  referable  to  anguillee  have  a  somewhat  shallower  ventral 
depression  than  the  type.  Guppy,  in  his  1882  paper,  considered 
anguillee  as  simply  an  unusual  form  of  lycopersicus,  but  it  seems  a  fairly 
distinctive  species  to  maintain. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve, 
holotype,  the  original  of  Cotteau's  plate  4,  figures  6  to  8,  1  specimen. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  67 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115372.  Slope  about  100  feet  above  sea-level, 
between  Little  Harbor  and  Pelican  Point,  of  Crocus  Bay,  Anguilla, 
T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6971. 
Lambert  records  3  specimens  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Antigua,  where  it 
appears  to  be  less  rare  than  at  Anguilla,  collected  by  J.  W.  Gregory  in 
1899,  collection  of  British  Museum.  Jique  de  la  Argolla,  Rio  Seco  de 
San  Antonio,  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  C.  T.  Ramsden  collection,  2  specimens. 
Bissex  Hill  formation,  Barbados  (fide  R.  J.  L.  Guppy,  1911). 

Family  PLESIOSPATANGIDjE  Duncan,  1889. 
Genus  ASTEROSTOMA  Agassiz,  1847. 

Type  species. — Clypeaster  excentricus  Lamarck.    See  below. 
There  are  2  species  of  Asterostoma  that  have  been  recognized  as  occur- 
ring fossil  in  the  West  Indies. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Asterostoma. 

Peristome  subcentral;  ambulacra  II  and  IV  at  ambitus  about  one-fifth  as  wide  as  inter- 
ambulacra  1  and  4 A .  excentricum 

Peristome  anterior;  ambulacra  II  and  IV  at  ambitus  about  two-fifths  as  wide  as  inter- 
ambulacra  1  and  4 A .  cubense 

Aster os tomma  excentricum  (Lamarck). 

Clypeaster  excentricus  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  3.  p.  15. 

Asterostoma  excentricum  Agassiz,  1847,  Catalogue  Raisonne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  7, 
p.  168.  Cotteau,  1871,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  9,  p.  183;  1897, 
Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  65,  plate  20,  figs.  1,  2. 

This  species,  of  which  Cotteau  had  only  a  single  specimen,  which  is 
in  the  Zoological  Museum  in  Paris,  is  of  doubtful  locality,  but  Cotteau 
thinks,  from  the  lithological  character  of  the  rock,  that  it  comes  from 
the  same  region  as  A .  cubense  Cotteau  and  Pseudasterostoma  jimenoi 
(Cotteau),  both  of  which  were  described  from  the  Eocene  of  Cuba. 

Asterostoma  cubense  Cotteau. 

Asterostoma  cubense  Cotteau,  1870,  Comptes  Rendus  de  TAcad.  des  Sci.,  vol.  70,  p.  273; 
1871,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  9,  p.  181,  plate  16,  figs.  2  to  4;  plate  17, 
figs.  2  to  4;  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  pp.  6  and  46;  1881. 
Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  27;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafta.  vol. 
22,  p.  67,  plate  21,  figs.  1,  2. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  Cotteau 's  description  of  this  species 
in  the  Annals  of  the  Geological  Society  of  Belgium : 

Species  of  large  size,  a  little  elongate,  rounded  anteriorly,  more  narrow 
and  slightly  tapering  posteriorly;  upper  face  high,  swollen,  thick  on  the 
borders,  sloping  posteriorly,  having  its  greatest  height  through  the  apical 
disk  and  its  greatest  width  about  the  middle  of  the  ambitus.  Lower  face 
nearly  flat,  concave  at  the  approach  to  the  peristome.  Apical  disk  excentric 
anteriorly.  The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is  very  different  from  the  others, 
flush  with  the  test,  widening  toward  the  ambitus,  having  the  poriferous 
areas  with  very  small  equal  pores  disposed  in  pairs.  The  paired  ambulacra 
are  very  much  more  obvious,  straight,  descending  low.  The  pores  dorsally 
are  unequal,  the  external  elongate,  the  internal  rounded,  disposed  in  pairs 


68  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

on  the  outer  borders  of  the  ambulacral  plates.  These  pores  extend  as  far  as 
the  ambitus,  where  they  cease  abruptly  and  are  replaced  by  other  pores, 
smaller  and  scarcely  visible.  They  spread  out  on  the  lower  face  at  the 
approach  to  the  peristome  and  are  lodged  in  depressions  which  widen  and 
extend  directly  to  the  mouth.  Tubercles  crenulate,  perforate,  and  scrobicu- 
late,  unequal,  abundant,  and  scattered  all  over  the  test,  more  crowded 
toward  the  ambitus  and  ventrally,  nearly  wanting  in  the  ambulacral  depres- 
sions. Granules  are  usually  disposed  in  circles  around  the  scrobicules.  The 
peristome  is  very  excentric  anteriorly,  transverse,  elliptical,  and  opening  in  a 
depression  of  the  lower  side.  Periproct  posterior,  a  little  above  the  ambitus. 
Apical  disk  subcircular;  madreporite  slightly  developed;  the  two  pos- 
terior genital  plates  and  the  two  posterior  oculars  are  separated  by  a  com- 
plementary plate  [genital  5]  which  is  imperforate,  long,  and  angular,  and 
extends  to  the  madreporite. 

As  to  measurements,  Cotteau  says  the  height  is  66  mm.,  length 
121  mm.,  and  width  1 13  mm.  Cotteau  publishes  a  good  figure  of  a  com- 
plete specimen  in  his  Spanish  report.  It  is  there  evident  that  the  plate 
which  separates  the  genitals  1  and  4  and  the  oculars  I  and  V  is  an  exten- 
sion of  the  posterior  genital  5,  which  is  imperforate.  He  says  (1897) 
that  this  species  is  very  rare  in  the  Eocene  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  and  the 
unique  specimen  figured  is  in  his  own  collection  in  Paris.  In  Cotteau's 
(1875)  memoir  (p.  46)  he  says  some  specimens  of  large  size  from  the 
Eocene  of  St.  Bartholomew,  while  very  incomplete,  are  perfectly  recog- 
nizable as  being  this  species  by  their  high  form,  thickness,  swelling, 
absence  of  the  anterior  groove,  the  narrow  ambulacral  areas,  which  are 
elongate,  superficial,  and  the  structure  of  the  pores.  He  does  not  men- 
tion the  Cleve  collection,  which  is  probably  an  oversight,  as  on  page  46 
he  does  not  cite  any  source  of  the  material,  as  is  his  custom.  On  page  6 
he  does  mention  having  specimens  of  this  species  from  St.  Bartholomew 
in  his  own  collection.  Further,  Guppy,  in  his  1882  paper,  distinctly  lists 
Aster ostoma  cubense  as  part  of  the  material  he  received  in  the  Cleve 
collection,  so  that  undoubtedly  this  is  the  material  referred  to  by  Cotteau. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  Collec- 
tion ex  Cleve;  specimens  described  by  Cotteau,  1875,  p.  46,  2  speci- 
mens, U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115385.  Cotteau  gives  as  locality,  Eocene, 
Matanzas,  Cuba;  the  single  known  specimen  from  Cuba  is  in  his 
collection  in  Paris. 

Genus  PSEUDASTEROSTOMA  Duncan,  1889. 

Type  species. — Aster  ostoma  jimenoi  Cotteau.     See  below. 

Pseudasterostoma  jimenoi  (Cotteau). 

Aster  ostoma  jimenoi  Cotteau,  1870,  Comptes  Rend.  Acad.  des  Sci.,  vol.  70,  p.  273;  1871, 
Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  9,  p.  180;  pi.  16,  fig.  1;  pi.  17,  fig.  1; 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  69,  plate  22.  figs.  1,  2. 

Cotteau,  in  his  Spanish  paper,  says  that  this  species  is  very  rare  in 
the  Eocene  deposits  of  Matanzas,  Cuba;  the  unique  specimen  is  in  his 
own  collection  in  Paris. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  69 

Family  ECHINOCORYTHIDjE  Gregory,  1900. 
Genus  CARDIASTER  Forbes. 

Type  species. — Spatangus  excentricus  Woodward,  1833,  Geology  of 
Norfolk,  p.  37,  also  [57],  explanation  of  plate  1,  fig.  5. 

Cardiaster  cubensis,  new  species. 
(Plate  12,  Figure  1.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  large,  low,  cordiform,  with  a  deep  sulcus  anteriorly,  bounded  by 
a  high  rounded  ridge  on  either  side;  posteriorly  contracted  to  a  rounded 
end;  dorsally  a  rounded  but  sloping  ridge  runs  from  the  apical  disk  to  the 
posterior  end.  From  this  posterior  sloping  elevation  and  from  the  ridges 
bounding  the  anterior  sulcus  the  surface  of  the  test  slopes  in  a  gentle  incline, 
right  and  left  from  the  center  to  the  ambitus.  The  ventral  side  is  wanting, 
but  the  indications  are  that  it  was  at  least  comparatively  flat.  The  greatest 
height  is  through  the  apical  disk,  which  is  excentric  posteriorly.  The  width 
and  length  of  the  test  measure  alike,  and  the  height  is  about  but  somewhat 
more  than  one-third  of  the  length.  The  ambulacra  are  non-petaloid,  flush 
with  the  surface  of  the  test,  except  the  anterior,  which  is  in  a  deep  groove. 
The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is  much  narrower  than  the  other  areas,  but 
widening  from  the  apical  disk,  passing  toward  the  ambitus,  the  ambulacral 
plates  are  proportionately  and  actually  higher  than  in  the  other  areas,  and 
the  two  pores  in  each  plate  are  small  and  set  at  an  oblique  angle,  the  lower 
pore  being  the  inner  of  each  pair.  Ambulacra  of  the  anterior  pair  II  and 
IV  from  the  apex,  where  they  are  narrow,  widen  progressively  to  the  ambitus, 
and  present  a  strong,  sweeping,  forward  curve  in  outline,  the  posterior 
side  of  each  of  these  two  areas  presenting  the  more  strongly  curved  outline. 
The  pores  of  these  ambulacra  II  and  IV  differ  markedly  on  the  two  sides 
of  each  area.  Starting  dorsally  near  the  apical  disk,  where  the  pores  are 
all  closely  alike,  being  elongate  and  oval,  and  passing  ventrally,  the  pos- 
terior row  of  pores  in  each  area  becomes  long  drawn  out  and  almost  slit- 
like  and  widely  spaced.  On  the  other  hand,  the  pores  of  the  anterior  half 
of  each  of  these  two  areas  are  rounded  on  the  outer  side  and  elongate  oval 
on  the  inner  side.  Passing  ventrally,  the  pores  of  these  anterior  half-areas 
move  from  the  anterior  end  of  each  plate  gradually,  until  at  the  ambitus 
they  occupy  the  middle  line  (vertically)  of  the  plates;  here  also  both  pores 
are  smaller  and  rounded  instead  of  larger  and  one  elongate  oval.  On  the 
anterior  half  of  these  two  areas  II  and  IV,  the  outer  pores  retain  an  approach 
to  a  circular  form  throughout  the  length  of  the  area,  but  the  inner  series 
elongate,  though  not  in  anything  like  the  degree  that  they  do  on  the  pos- 
terior halves  of  the  same  areas.  The  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V  are  very 
much  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  anterior  pair.  They  widen  and  curve 
forward  somewhat  in  passing  to  the  ambitus.  The  character  and  shape 
of  the  pores  is  similar  to  those  of  the  anterior  pair,  but  in  a  very  much  less 
degree.  The  apical  disk  is  situated  posteriorly,  35  mm.  from  the  posterior 
border  and  56  mm.  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  test.  The  plates  of 
the  apical  disk  are  in  part  preserved  and  genital  5  is  absent,  as  is  typical 
of  the  genus.  Oculars  IV  and  V  meet  the  middle  line  of  the  area,  but  are 
separated  from  each  other  by  genital  4,  showing  that  it  has  the  typical 
apical  disk  characteristic  of  the  genus.  The  periproct  is  not  observable, 
as  the  plates  are  broken  away  at  the  posterior  end  and  nothing  of  the 


70  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST    INDIES. 

ventral  side  can  be  seen,  as  that  area  is  quite  gone.  The  surface  of  the 
test  is  covered  with  small,  rather  widely  scattered  tubercles,  more  closely 
associated  near  the  ambitus.  Small  granules  which  doubtless  existed 
between  them  are  quite  wanting,  as  the  surface  of  the  test  is  much  worn. 
Length,  91  mm.,  width,  also  91  mm.,  the  height  as  it  stands  measures 
32  mm.,  but  this  is  somewhat  less  than  the  original  height  of  the  single 
known  specimen,  which  is  worn  away  ventrally. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  so  far  found  fossil  in  the  West 
Indies.  It  is  very  much  larger  and  does  not  make  a  near  approach  to 
any  species  known  in  American  formations. 

Cretaceous,  from  high  slopes  in  the  valley  of  Rio  Yateras,  about  2 1 
miles  northeast  of  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  holotype,  C.  T.  Ramsden 
collection. 

Family  HEMIASTERTDJE  H.  L.  Clark,  1917. 
Genus  AGASSIZIA  Valenciennes,  1846. 

Type  species. — Agassizia  scrobiculata  Valenciennes,  1846,  Voyage  de 
la  Venus,  Atlas,  Zoophytes,  plate  1,  figs.  2  to  2/. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Agassizia. 

Test  high,  conical,  arched  anteriorly,  plastron  strongly  elevated A .  inflata 

Test  high,  rounded,  sloping  anteriorly,  plastron  not  elevated A.  clevei 

Agassizia  inflata,  new  species. 
(Plate  12,  Figures  2  to  4.) 

Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau  (pars),  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl..  vol.  13,  No.  6.  p. 
33,  plate  6,  figs.  9,  10,  non  2  to  8. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Species  of  small  size,  obovate;  very  widely  rounded  anteriorly;  rounded 
but  much  narrower  posteriorly;  upper  face  very  high,  subconical;  arched 
anteriorly  from  the  apical  disk  to  the  ambitus;  the  greatest  height  is 
through  the  apical  disk;  posterior  face  truncate,  nearly  vertical.  The 
sternum  is  strongly  projecting,  increasing  in  elevation  to  the  anterior  end 
of  the  plastron.  The  apical  disk  is  excentric  posteriorly;  anterior  furrow 
slight,  but  well  marked  dorsally,  but  it  does  not  extend  to  the  ambitus. 
The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is  straight  and  narrow,  the  plates  higher  than 
wide,  with  small  pores  near  the  middle  of  each  plate.  Ambulacra  II  and 
IV,  the  anterior  pair,  are  very  peculiar,  the  anterior  half-ambulacrum 
being  reduced  to  very  narrow  plates,  nearly  atrophied  dorsally,  with  very 
small  rounded  pores.  The  posterior  halves  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV  are 
much  more  obvious  than  the  anterior  halves,  and  extend  farther  toward 
the  ambitus.  The  plates  are  low,  relatively  wide,  with  two  vertical  rows 
of  large  oval  pores.  The  angle  of  divergence  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV  is 
less  than  that  of  A.  clevei.  The  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V  are  sunken 
in  slight  furrows,  are  longer  than  in  clevei,  and  have  relatively  large  oval 
pores,  much  as  in  the  posterior  halves  of  II  and  IV.  Where  not  worn  by 
erosion,  small  tubercles  cover  the  test,  being  more  closely  crowded  near 
the  ambitus.  The  apical  disk  is  small,  but  details  can  not  be  ascertained 
in  this  specimen  excepting  for  the  4  genital  pores,  which  are  obvious.  The 
periproct,  transversely  oval,  is  situated  in  the  posterior  face  and  is  just 
visible  from  above;  the  peristome  is  semicircular,  labiate,  and  situated 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  71 

far  anteriorly,  5  mm.  from  the  anterior  border.     The  plastron  is  wide, 
swollen,  and  ornamented  with  tubercles  in  regular,  close-ranked  series. 
The  single  known  specimen  of  this  species  measures  17  mm.  in  height, 
23  mm.  in  length,  and  20  mm.  in  width. 

The  species  Agassizia  inflata  is  near  to  clevei,  and  the  specimen  here 
described  was  included  in  that  species  by  Cotteau  in  his  original  descrip- 
tion. Guppy  made  the  remark,  in  his  1882  paper,  that  this  was  the 
only  known  case  in  which  one  species  of  Echini  occurred  in  both  the 
islands  of  St.  Bartholomew  and  Anguilla.  The  species  inflata  differs 
from  clevei  in  its  wider  and  more  conical  form,  in  its  anterior  curvature 
from  the  apical  disk  to  the  ambitus,  in  its  more  marked  furrow  an- 
teriorly, more  elevated  swollen  plastron,  and  in  the  fact  that  ambulacra 
II  and  IV  are  both  longer  and  less  divergent  than  in  clevei. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  holotype,  1  specimen  only,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  325610. 

Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau. 

(Plate  12,  Figures  5  to  7.) 

Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau  (pars),  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  33, 
plate  6,  figs.  2  to  8;  non  9,  10.  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc., 
part  12,  p.  197. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  small  size,  ovoid,  rounded  anteriorly,  a  little  narrower  pos- 
teriorly; upper  face  very  swollen,  obliquely  inclined  anteriorly,  having 
its  greatest  height  through  the  apical  disk.  Posterior  face  narrow,  truncate 
subvertically;  a  little  reentrant.  The  lower  face  is  slightly  projecting, 
depressed  in  front  of  the  peristome.  Apical  disk  excentric  posteriorly, 
anterior  furrow  scarcely  apparent  on  the  upper  face,  wholly  wanting  at 
the  ambitus.  Anterior  ambulacrum  III  straight,  circumscribed  by  small 
pores  disposed  in  pairs.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  unequal,  the  anterior 
divergent,  subflexuous,  slightly  excavated;  the  posterior  shorter,  nearly 
superficial.  Pores  of  the  anterior  paired  ambulacra  II  and  IV  very  un- 
equal. The  anterior  half-area  is  reduced  in  all  its  extent  to  very  small 
pores,  rounded,  nearly  microscopic,  disposed  in  oblique  pairs,  forming  a 
linear  series  which  passes  beyond  the  petals  and  extends  to  the  peristome. 
The  posterior  half-area  is  much  larger  and  composed  of  pores  oblong  and 
transverse.  The  two  halves  approach  one  another  and  leave  scarcely 
place  for  a  narrow  interporiferous  band.  Pores  of  the  posterior  pair  of 
ambulacra  I  and  V  always  equal,  nearly  identical  in  distribution  to  the 
larger  (or  posterior)  half  of  the  anterior  paired  ambulacra  II  and  IV. 
Tubercles  are  crowded,  abundant;  unequal,  most  developed  on  the  anterior 
face  and  on  the  inframarginal  region.  On  the  lower  face  the  interambulacral 
plastron  is  covered  with  scaly  tubercles  disposed  in  very  regular  divergent 
series.  The  space  occupied  by  the  posterior  ambulacra,  in  place  of  being 
smooth,  is  finely  granular.  The  peristome  is  semicircular,  labiate,  near  to 
the  [anterior]  border.  The  periproct  is  subtransversely  angular  at  the 
summit  of  the  posterior  face.  Apical  disk  compact,  slightly  developed, 
with  4  genital  pores,  the  2  anterior  much  less  separated  than  the  two  pos- 
terior. Madreporite  elongate,  narrow,  and  extended  to  the  center  of  the 
apical  disk,  as  in  Prenaster.  The  peripetalous  fascicle  is  narrow,  sineous, 


72  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

i 

incomplete.  At  some  distance  from  the  anterior  ambulacrum  it  enlarges 
and  goes  to  rejoin  the  marginal  fascicle,  which  is  sinuous  and  passes  under 
the  periproct  in  descending  as  far  as  the  base  of  the  posterior  face. 

One  of  the  two  specimens  of  this  species  in  Washington  measures 
13  mm.  in  height,  19  mm.  in  length,  and  15  mm.  in  width.  The  second 
specimen  is  of  about  the  same  size.  The  relatively  large  specimen,  of 
which  Cotteau  (1875)  gives  measurements  in  the  last  paragraph  of  his 
page  33,  is  evidently  the  one  from  St.  Bartholomew,  which  is  here  con- 
sidered a  distinct  species,  A.  inflate.  While  nearly  allied,  these  species 
differ  as  set  forth  in  the  description  of  A.  inflata. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve, 
2  specimens,  cotypes,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115407.  Besides  the  Cleve 
collection,  Cotteau  mentions  having  material  from  the  museums  of 
Stockholm  and  Upsala;  he  does  not  say  whether  they  were  from  An- 
guilla or  not.  Southwest  side  of  Crocus  Bay,  30  to  50  feet  above  sea- 
level,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol. 
Sur.  station,  6966. 

Genus  PRENASTER  Desor,  1853. 

Type  species. — Prenaster  alpinus  Desor,  1853,  Act.  Soc.  Helv.  Sci.  Nat., 
vol.  38,.  p.  279  [12  of  reprint]. 

Prenaster  loveni  Cotteau. 

(Plate  12,  Figures  8,  9.) 

Prenaster  loveni  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  34.  plate 
6,  figs,  11  to  15. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  elongate,  ovoid,  rounded  anteriorly;  subcarinate 
posteriorly.  The  upper  face  is  high,  swollen,  everywhere  of  about  equal 
height.  Posterior  face  vertically  subtruncate,  rounded;  lower  face  uni- 
formly rounded.  Apical  disk  excentric  anteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  wholly 
wanting,  even  at  the  approach  to  the  apical  disc.  Anterior  ambulacrum 
III  straight,  with  pores  disposed  in  pairs  of  separated  pores.  The  paired 
ambulacra  are  subpetaloid,  slightly  concave,  open  at  their  extremity, 
unequal;  the  anterior  long,  nearly  transverse  [at  an  angle  of  about  155° 
to  each  other],  the  posterior  shorter,  more  nearly  convergent  and  forming  an 
acute  angle  [of  about  55°]  posteriorly.  Poriferous  areas  are  wide,  composed 
of  transverse  pores  united  by  a  furrow,  unequal,  the  internal  oval,  the 
external  more  elongate.  The  interporiferous  areas  are  well  developed  and 
depressed  in  the  middle.  Peristome  semicircular  and  near  the  anterior 
border.  Periproct  oval,  opening  on  the  posterior  face.  The  tubercles, 
apical  disk,  and  fascicles  are  not  known  in  this  species,  and  it  is  only  by 
reason  of  its  form,  position  of  the  ambulacra,  and  absence  of  the  anterior 
furrow  that  it  is  placed  in  the  genus  Prenaster. 

The  only  specimen  in  the  collection  measures  20  mm.  in  height,  23  mm. 
in  length,  and  20  mm.  in  width.  The  periproct  is  high  up  on  the  posterior 
end  and  is  just  visible  from  above,  though  not  so  shown  in  Cotteau's 
figures.  This  is  quite  natural,  for  a  so  nearly  globular  specimen  shows 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPAT  ANGINA.  73 

more  or  less,  according  as  it  is  tilted.    The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is 
hardly  visible  and  the  mouth  is  visible,  but  not  clearly  outlined. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  holotype,  1  specimen  only,  the  original  of  Cotteau's  plate 
6,  figures  11  to  15,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115411. 

Genus  HEMIASTER  Desor,  1847. 

Type  species. — Spatangus  bufo  Al.  Brongniart,  1822,  Cuvier's  Oss. 
Foss.,  vol.  2,  pp.  320,  604. 

There  are  4  species  of  Hemiaster  occurring  as  fossils  in  the  West  Indies; 
of  these  I  have  seen  only  1,  which  is  here  described  as  new. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Hemiastcr. 

Posterior  petals  I  and  V  not  half  as  long  as  the  antero-lateral  II  and  IV. 

Test  abruptly  narrowed  posteriorly;  petals  II  and  IV  moderately  divergent H.  cubensit 

Test  not  narrowed  posteriorly;   petals  II  and  IV  extremely  divergent H.  antillensit 

Posterior  petals  I  and  V  much  more  than  half  as  long  as  II  and  IV. 

Height  of  test  over  80  per  cent  of  length;  test  not  sloping  markedly  to  the  front..  H.  drwalqtui 
Height  of  test  50  to  60  per  cent  of  length;  test  sloping  markedly  to  the  front H.  bcrkeyi 

Hemiaster  cubensis  (d'Orbigny). 

SckizasUr  cubcnsis  d'Orbigny  in  Agassiz  and  Desor.  1847,  Catalogue  Raiaonne,  Ann.  Sci. 

Nat.,  ser.  3.  voL  8.  p.  22. 
Hemiasier  cubensis  Cotteau.  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  GeoL  Belgique,  vol.  9.  p.  41,  plate  4,  figs.  1  to  3; 

1897.    Bol.  Com.  Mapa  GeoL  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  73,  plate  25,  figs.  1  to  3. 

Cotteau  cites  this  species  as  Pliocene  or  Recent,  very  rare  in  the  island 
of  Cuba;  from  the  d'Orbigny  collection  in  the  Natural  History  Museum 
in  Paris. 

Hemiaster  antiflensis  Cotteau. 

Hemiestcr  antillauis  Cotteau.  1881.  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  voL  9,  p.  31,  plate  3.  figs.  1  to  4; 
1897.  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  GeoL  Espana.  vol.  22,  p.  72,  plate  24.  figs.  1  to  4. 

Cotteau  cites  this  species  as  Eocene(?;,  Santa  Lucia  and  Concepcion  in 
the  district  of  Cienfuegos,  Province  of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba;  collections  of 
Dewalque  in  Liege  and  Comision del  Mapa  Geologico  de  Espana,  Madrid. 

Hemiaster  dewalqnei  Gotten. 

HemiastfT  drvalquei  Cotteau.  1881.  Ann.  Soc.  GeoL  Belgique,  voL  9.  p.  30.  plate  2,  figs-  7  to  9; 
1897.  BoL  Com.  Mapa  GeoL  Espana,  voL  22,  p.  75.  plate  3.  figs.  7  to  9. 

Cotteau  cites  this  species  as  from  the  Eocene  (?)  of  Cienfuegos,  Cuba, 
very  rare;  collection  of  Dewalque  in  Liege. 

Hemiaster  berkeyi,  new  ipecfet. 
(Plate  12,  Figure  10.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  large,  cordiform,  high,  subconical,  rounded  below,  from  the  highest 
point  of  the  test  dorsally  sloping  anteriorly,  posteriorly,  and  laterally  to 


74  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

the  ambitus.  Ambulacra  petaloid,  wide,  in  deep,  broad  furrows.  The 
anterior  ambulacrum  III  is  narrower  than  the  others  and  lies  in  a  shallow 
furrow  which  reaches  to  the  ambitus.  Ambulacra  II  and  IV,  the  anterior 
pair,  are  widely  divergent,  at  an  angle  of  about  95°  to  each  other  and  are 
in  grooves,  which  extend  nearly  to  the  ambitus.  They  measure  30  mm. 
in  length.  The  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V  lie  in  grooves  and  are  narrower 
and  much  shorter  than  the  anterior  pair,  measuring  about  18  mm.  in  length. 
The  pores  in  the  paired  ambulacra  are  at  the  ends  of  narrow,  slit-like 
grooves.  The  interambulacra  are  narrow  and  elevated  dorsally.  The 
apical  disk  is  very  close  to  median  in  position,  perhaps  actually  median, 
but,  from  imperfections  posteriorly,  exact  measurement  in  the  antero- 
posterior  axis  can  not  be  made.  The  apical  disk  is  quite  well  preserved 
and  shows  the  4  genital  plates  with  large  perforations;  the  madreporite 
is  of  medium  size,  meeting  but  not  separating  the  other  genitals.  Oculars 

1  and  V  are  in  contact  on  account  of  the  absence  of  genital  5,  as  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  genus.     From  imperfections  the  peristome  and  periproct 
are  not  preserved.    Small  perforate  tubercles  with  scrobicules  are  scattered 
over  the  test  somewhat  distantly  and  small  granules  thickly  cover  the 
spaces  between  the  larger  tubercles. 

The  specimen  measures  40  mm.  in  height,  and  this  is  a  close  approxima- 
tion to  the  real  height ;  if  not  worn  ventrally,  it  would  be  slightly  higher. 
It  measures  about  65  mm.  in  length  and  65  mm.  in  width.  This  species 
is  very  much  larger  and  more  conical  than  any  other  fossil  species  of 
the  genus  from  the  West  Indies;  it  differs  also  in  its  shape  from  any 
known  North  American  species.  At  the  request  of  the  collector,  Mr. 
Graham  John  Mitchell,  this  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Professor 
Charles  P.  Berkey,  of  Columbia  University. 

Cretaceous,  Guanica  Central,  just  west  of  the  town  of  Guanica,  South 
coast  of  Porto  Rico,  holotype,  1  specimen,  station  211.  This  fossil 
echinoid,  with  a  few  other  fossils,  is  from  a  dense,  hard  limestone  from 
the  upturned  and  unconformable  beds  of  the  older  formation,  which 
Professor  Berkey1  considers  as  Cretaceous.  It  was  collected  by  Mr. 
Graham  John  Mitchell,  who  had  charge  of  the  Ponce  district  in  the 
survey  work  of  1917. 

Genus  PARASTER  Pomel. 

Type  species. — Schizaster  gibberulus  Agassiz,  1847,  Catalogue  Rai- 
sonne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vql.  8,  p.  22. 

All  of  the  species  described  by  Cotteau  in  his  St.  Bartholomew  and 
Anguilla  memoir  as  Schizaster  belong  properly  to  the  genus  Paraster. 
There  are  no  Recent  species  of  Paraster  in  the  West  Indian  region,  so  far 
as  we  yet  know.  The  genus  Schizaster  is  characterized  by  having  only 

2  genital  pores,  which  are  in  genital  plates  1  and  4,  whereas  the  genus 
Paraster  has  4  genital  pores,  1  in  each  of  the  genital  plates  existent. 
Genital  5  is  absent  typically  in  both  genera. 

1  Scientific  Survey  of  Porto  Rico  and  the  Virgin  Islands.  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  part 
1.  1919. 


SYSTEMATIC  DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  75 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Paraster. 

A.    Test  about  as  wide  as  long;  apical  system  central  or  a  little  posterior. 

B.   Ambulacrum  III  scarcely  depressed  at  ambitus;   petals  II  and  IV  nearly  straight, 

very    widely    diverging p.  antillarum 

BB.   Ambulacrum  III  much  depressed  at  ambitus;    petals  II  and  IV  slightly  curved; 

not  so  widely  diverging. 

C.    Petals  II  and  IV  curved  outward  at  tip  somewhat  abruptly;    petals  I  and  V 
three-fourths  as  long  as  II  and  IV,  narrow  and  somewhat 

pointed p.  parkinsoni 

CC.    Petals  II  and  IV  not  curved  outward  at  tip;    petals  I  and  V  not  much  more 

than  half  as  long  as  II  and  IV,  wide  and  rounded. 

D.  Interambulacra  1,  4,  and  5  near  apical  system,  much  elevated  and  some- 
what compressed;  petals  widest  near  or  just  distal  to  middle,  taper- 
ing more  or  less  towards  each  end ;  test  rounded  pentagonal P.  clevei 

DD.    Interambulacra   1,  4,  and   5  not  much  elevated  or  compressed;    petals 

widest  near  tip;    test  more  evenly  oval P.  loveni 

AA.  Test  not  nearly  as  wide  as  long;   apical  system  markedly  posterior P.  subcylindricus 

Paraster  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  13,  Figures  1  to  3.) 

Schizaster  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  28, 

plate  5,  figs.  3  to  5. 
Schizaster  subcylindricus  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.197. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  subcordiform,  expanded 
anteriorly  and  acuminate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  swollen,  sloping  ante- 
riorly, having  its  greatest  height  a  little  posterior  to  the  apical  disk.  The 
posterior  face  is  narrow,  subangular,  obliquely  truncate.  Lower  face 
slightly  swollen,  rounded  on  the  borders,  sub-depressed  anterior  to  the 
peristome.  Apical  disk  subcentral,  a  little  posterior.  Anterior  furrow 
wide,  deep  dorsally  and  attenuated  toward  the  ambitus.  Anterior  am- 
bulacrum III  narrow,  elongate,  and  straight,  with  simple  pores  in  pairs. 
The  paired  ambulacra  are  petaloid,  subflexuous,  excavated,  closed  at  the 
ends  and  unequal.  The  anterior  ambulacra  II  and  IV  are  longer  than  the 
posterior  pair;  poriferous  areas  with  pores  which  are  alike  elongate  and 
narrow,  united  by  a  furrow;  interporiferous  areas  narrower  than  the  por- 
iferous. Interambulacra  are  narrow,  compressed,  and  prominent  near  the 
apex.  The  peristome  is  semicircular,  near  the  anterior  border.  Periproct 
oval,  situated  in  the  posterior  face.  Peripetalous  and  subanal  fascicles 
are  indistinct,  yet  visible  enough  to  show  they  are  like  those  of  Schizaster. 

There  is  only  one  specimen  in  the  collection  in  Washington,  which 
measures  20.5  mm.  in  height,  28  mm.  in  length,  and  27.5  mm.  in  width. 
These  measurements  greatly  exceed  Cotteau's,  for  he  says  11  mm.  in 
height,  17  mm.  in  length,  and  16  mm.  in  width.  However,  he  mentions 
having  2  specimens,  both  badly  preserved,  and  his  measurements  were 
doubtless  taken  from  the  other  specimen,  which  I  can  not  locate.  It  is 
probable  that  Cotteau's  figures  were  also  taken  from  this  second  speci- 
men mentioned,  as  the  one  in  hand  does  not  show  some  of  the  features  he 
depicts.  The  periproct  is  in  the  upper  part  of  the  posterior  face,  as 
Cotteau  describes  it,  but  is  indistinct,  so  does  not  come  out  well  in  the 
photograph  of  the  posterior  view.  The  specimen  is  so  much  worn  that 
it  shows  very  little  of  structural  detail.  This  species  (antillarum}  differs 
from  clevei  in  the  shape  of  the  test  and  the  shape  and  depth  of  the  anterior 


76  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

furrow  and  lateral  petals,  and  it  differs  from  loveni  in  the  same  characters. 
It  differs  in  the  furrow,  petals,  and  general  shape  from  subcylindricus,  to 
which  species  Guppy  referred  it  as  a  synonym;  in  fact,  it  is  closer  to 
clevei,  as  mentioned,  than  it  is  to  subcylindricus,  so  that  perhaps  Guppy 
made  a  lapsus  calami  in  this  comparison. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  cotype  (2  specimens  are  mentioned  by  Cotteau), 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115404.  From  a  conglomerate  and  shaly  bed  inter- 
bedded  with  limestone  below  the  main  limestones  and  at  the  top  of  con- 
glomerate series  of  beds,  point  between  Colombier  Point  and  bay  next 
St.  Jean  Bay,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  U.  S.  Geol. 
Sur.  station  68976,  1  specimen.  Point  northwest  side  of  St.  Jean  Bay, 
from  bed  of  limestone  at  top  of  described  section,  St.  Bartholomew, 
T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  2  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6924. 

Paraster  parkinsoni  (Defiance). 

Spatangus  parkinsoni  Def ranee,  1827,  Diet,  des  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  50,  p.  96. 

Schizaster  parkinsoni  Agassiz,  1847,  Catalogue  Raisonn£,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  8,  p.  22. 

Cotteau  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  38.     A.  Agassiz,  1883,    Mem. 

Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  10,  No.  1,  p.  94.     Cotteau,  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol. 

Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  84,  plate  27,  figs.  1  to  3. 

This  species,  known  from  a  number  of  European  localities,  is  also 
recorded  from  the  West  Indies.  Cotteau  refers  to  it  specimens  from  the 
"Miocene"  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  Cotteau  collection.  A.  Agassiz  lists  this 
species  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Anguilla. 

Paraster  clevei  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  13,  Figures  4,  5.) 

Schizaster  clevei  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  29.  plate  5, 

figs.  7,  8.     Brown,  1914,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  vol.  65,  p.  601. 
Schizaster  loveni  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  197. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  very  obliquely  sloping  anteriorly,  subcordiform; 
marked  posteriorly  by  an  attenuated  carina.  Posterior  face .  truncate 
subvertically,  lower  face  rounded  on  the  borders,  slightly  swollen.  Apical 
disk  excentric  posteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  narrow,  very  deep,  with  high 
ridges  on  the  borders,  while  reduced  toward  the  ambitus,  it  extends  as 
far  as  the  peristome.  Anterior  ambulacrum  III  straighter  and  longer  than 
the  others,  having  the  poriferous  areas  much  less  developed  than  the  interval 
which  separates  them.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  deeply  excavated,  wide, 
unequal;  the  anterior  II  and  IV  are  subflexuous,  divergent;  the  posterior 
ambulacra  I  and  V  are  shorter,  rounded  at  their  tips,  having  the  poriferous 
areas  wider  than  the  interval  which  separates  them.  The  peristome,  periproct, 
and  a  part  of  the  fascioles  are  not  visible  in  the  fragmentary  specimen. 
Height,  27  mm. ;  length,  40  mm.  (this  is  the  length  of  this  individual 
specimen,  but  as  it  is  very  imperfect  posteriorly,  another  specimen  might 
naturally  give  different  proportions) ;  width,  39  mm.  Ambulacrum  III  is 
in  a  very  deep  furrow ;  the  paired  ambulacra  are  also  in  deep  depressions ; 
the  petals  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV  measure  15  mm.  in  length,  but  I  and  V 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  77 

are  shorter,  measuring  10  mm.  in  length.    The  periproct  is  quite  wanting, 
as  the  specimen  is  broken  away  posteriorly. 

Cotteau  says  that  this  species  is  very  rare  and  mentions  only  the  Cleve 
collection.  There  is  only  one  specimen  in  Washington,  and  it  agrees  so 
closely  with  Cotteau's  figures,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  one  from  which  the 
drawings  were  made,  although  it  does  not  show  all  the  details  there 
depicted.  This  species  is  certainly  very  close  to  P.  loveni,  but  it  seems 
that  Cotteau's  distinctions  are  well  taken,  as  clevei  is  narrower,  more 
swollen,  and  especially  has  the  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V  longer  and 
deeper  than  in  loveni. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115408.  Antigua 
formation,  Willoughby  Bay,  Montpelier,  St.  Phillips,  Antigua,  Dr.  A.  P. 
Brown  collector,  1  specimen,  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
No.  1663. 

Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  13,  Figures  6  to  9.) 

Schizaster  scillce  Guppy  (won  Agassiz).  1866.  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22.  p.  301. 
Schizaster  loveni  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  29,  plate  5, 
figs.  9  to  13.     Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  197. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  good-sized,  subcordiform,  expanded  anteriorly,  and  subcarinate 
posteriorly.  Upper  face  thick,  moderately  swollen,  obliquely  inclined 
anteriorly  and  posteriorly;  marked  posteriorly  by  a  very  attenuated  carina. 
Posterior  face  subvertically  truncate;  lower  face  nearly  flat,  rounded  to- 
ward the  ambitus;  a  little  swollen  in  the  middle,  depressed  in  front  of  the 
mouth.  Apical  disk  subcentral,  slightly  posterior.  Anterior  furrow  wide, 
deep,  subcarinate  on  the  sides,  attenuated  towards  the  ambitus,  prolonged 
as  far  as  the  peristome.  Anterior  ambulacrum  III  straighter  and  longer 
than  the  others,  having  its  poriferous  areas  much  narrower  than  the  interval 
which  separates  them.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  deeply  excavated,  very 
unequal,  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  subflexuous,  divergent;  the  posterior 
pair  I  and  V  are  much  shorter,  rounded  at  the  tips,  having  the  poriferous 
areas  wider  than  the  space  which  separates  them.  Peristome  transverse, 
labiate,  near  the  anterior  border.  Periproct  elliptical,  opening  at  the 
summit  of  the  posterior  face.  Peripetalous  fasciole  very  sinuous. 

In  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  there  are  5  specimens  of  this  species, 
one  large  and  the  rest  small.  The  large  one  measures  26  mm.  in  height, 
43  mm.  in  length,  and  41  mm.  in  width.  A  smaller  specimen,  very  per- 
fectly preserved,  especially  ventrally,  measures  18  mm.  in  height,  28.5 
mm.  in  length,  and  26  mm.  in  width.  Guppy,  in  1882,  says  that  the 
specimens  from  Anguilla  which  he,  in  1866,  referred  to  Schizaster  stilla, 
are  the  same  as  Cotteau's  loveni.  The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  lies  in  a 
deep  furrow  which  is  somewhat  wider  than  in  clevei;  the  anterior  pair 
II  and  IV  are  in  shallower  and  more  open  depressions  than  in  clevei  and 
measure  13  mm.  in  length.  The  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V,  also  in 
relatively  shallow  depressions,  measure  8  mm.  in  length.  Cotteau  com- 
pares loveni  closely  with  parkinsoni,  but  I  have  not  seen  that  species. 


78  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

He  says  it  differs  in  that  loveni  is  less  swollen,  in  the  divergence  of  ambu- 
lacra II  and  IV,  and  in  the  nearly  central  apical  disk. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  5  specimens,  cotypes  (the  large  one  is  apparently  the  original 
of  Cotteau's  plate  5,  fig.  9),  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115391.  Besides  the 
Cleve  collection,  Cotteau  mentions  having  specimens  from  the  muse- 
ums of  Stockholm  and  Upsala.  Crocus  Bay  Hill,  roadside  descent  to 
Crocus  Bay  from  Valley,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  2  speci- 
mens, U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6893.  Crocus  Bay,  southwest  side, 
Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  2  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 
station  6894.  Crocus  Bay,  southwest  shore  from  the  lowest  10  to  15 
feet  of  fossiliferous  marls,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914, 
3  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6965.  Crocus  Bay  Bluff,  south- 
west side,  from  the  uppermost  horizon,  125  feet  above  sea-level,  mostly 
limestone,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  4  poorly  preserved 
specimens,  but  doubtless  referable  to  the  species,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 
station  6967.  Specimens  which  are  wanting  in  structural  detail,  but 
fairly  referable  to  this  species,  Government  Road,  Aguadilla  to  Rincon, 
Porto  Rico,  "Arecibo"  limestone,  weathered  marl,  kilometer  post  2, 
from  roadside  grottoes  where  road-metal  had  been  taken  out,  C.  A. 
Reeds  collector,  7  specimens,  station  117,  Expedition  of  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 

Paraster  subcylindricus  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  13,  Figure  10;   Plate  14,  Figures  1,  2.) 

Schisaster  subcylindricus  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  31, 
plate  5,  figs.  14  to  17.      Guppy,  1882,  Sci.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc..  part  12,  p.  197. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  small  size,  oblong,  rounded  anteriorly,  subtruncate  posteriorly. 
The  upper  face  thick,  swollen,  nearly  as  high  in  the  anterior  region  as  in 
the  posterior,  slightly  sloping  anteriorly.  Posterior  face  vertically  sub- 
truncate.  Lower  face  rounded  on  the  borders,  uniformly  bulging,  which 
gives  a  very  remarkable  subcylindrical  aspect.  Apical  disk  strongly  excen- 
tric  posteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  wide,  scarcely  excavated,  apparent  only 
at  the  approach  to  the  summit;  very  attenuate  and  nearly  wanting  toward 
the  ambitus.  The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is  quite  different  from  the 
others,  straight,  with  small  pores,  separate  and  widening  in  spacing,  more 
as  they  approach  the  ambitus.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  excavated, 
flexuous,  scarcely  open  at  the  tips,  very  unequal;  the  posterior  I  and  V 
are  shorter  than  the  others,  having  the  poriferous  areas  distinctly  wider 
than  the  interval  which  separates  them.  The  interambulacra  toward  the 
apical  disk  are  narrow,  compressed,  prominent.  The  peristome  is  semi- 
circular, labiate  near  the  anterior  border.  Periproct  rounded,  opening 
at  the  summit  of  the  posterior  face.  Peripetalous  fascicle  less  sinuous  than 
in  some  species. 

Of  4  specimens  in  Washington,  the  largest  measures  20.5  mm.  in 
height,  30  mm.  in  length,  and  27  mm.  in  width.  This  species  is  dis- 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  79 

tinguished  from  its  near  allies  by  its  shallow  and  broad  anterior  furrow, 
which  does  not  reach  to  the  ambitus,  by  the  shallow  depressions  of  the 
paired  ambulacral  petals,  by  the  far  posterior  position  of  the  apical  disk, 
and  by  its  strongly  rounded  form.  The  periproct  is  very  rounded  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  posterior  face  and  is  not  visible  from  above. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  4  specimens,  cotypes,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115416.  Cot- 
teau  also  mentions  having  specimens  from  the  museums  of  Stockholm 
and  Upsala.  From  a  conglomerate  and  shaly  bed  interbedded  with 
limestone  below  the  main  limestones  and  at  the  top  of  the  conglomerate 
series  of  beds,  point  between  Colombier  Point  and  bay  next  to  St.  Jean 
Bay,  St.  Bartholomew,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914,  1  specimen, 
U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  68976. 

Paraster  species  a. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  specimens: 

Test  of  medium  size,  high,  rounded,  expanded  anteriorly,  and  bluntly 
truncate;  narrowed  posteriorly.  Upper  face  high,  obliquely  inclined  from 
the  highest  point  posteriorly.  Border  high,  rounded,  lower  face  rounded. 
Apical  disk  subcentral,  a  little  posterior.  Anterior  furrow  moderately 
deep,  subcarinate  on  the  sides  dorsally,  extended  to  the  peristome.  Anterior 
ambulacrum  straight  and  narrow.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  deeply 
excavated,  very  unequal.  The  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  widely  divergent, 
the  posterior  pair  I  and  V  much  shorter,  rounded  at  the  tips.  Peristome 
anterior,  transverse.  Periproct  and  fascicles  not  visible. 

There  are  only  2  specimens,  the  larger  being  the  better  preserved.  It 
measures  26  mm.  in  height,  33  mm.  in  length,  and  29  mm.  in  width.  The 
specific  identity,  and  even  the  generic,  are  doubtful  on  account  of  the 
lack  of  detailed  structure,  but  it  appears  to  be  a  Paraster  and  quite  near 
to  P.  subcylindricus.  Associated  with  Cidaris  foveata,  sp.  nov.,Echino- 
lampas  ovumserpentis,  and  Eupatagus  sp.  a,  as  here  described. 

Eocene,  from  yellowish  limestone,  probably  the  Cambridge  formation 
of  R.  T.  Hill,  Jamaica,  with  no  detailed  locality;  2  specimens,  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.  No.  3236. 

Paraster  species  b. 

A  specimen  of  Paraster  that  is  too  incomplete  to  describe  as  new  and 
does  not  seem  referable  to  any  of  the  known  species  is  of  interest  as  being 
from  the  island  of  Trinidad,  so  it  is  briefly  described. 

Test  moderately  high,  truncate  anteriorly;  pointed  posteriorly;  dorsally 
with  a  deep  anterior  furrow  that  extends  over  the  ambitus  and  to  the 
peristomal  border.  The  ambulacra  are  completely  obliterated,  excepting 
ventrally,  where  they  are  seen  extending  to  the  peristome.  The  apical 
disk  and  periproct  are  also  quite  invisible.  The  peristome  is  situated  far 
anteriorly;  it  is  wide,  labiate,  and  sunken.  The  specimen  measures  about 
16  mm.  in  height,  27  mm.  in  length,  and  23  mm.  in  width.  This  specimen 
makes  a  close  approach  to  Paraster  loveni  in  form,  but  that  species  comes 
from  the  Oligocene  and  is  probably  distinct. 


gO  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE  WEST   INDIES. 

Eocene,  San  Fernando  formation,  Vitabella  Road,  Mount  Moriah, 
San  Fernando  Trinidad,  J.  A.  Bullbrook  collector,  1  specimen,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Sur.  station  8878;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328225. 

Genus  PERIASTER  d'Orbigny,  1854- 

Type  species. — Periaster  conicus  d'Orbigny,  1854,  Paleontologie 
Francaise,  vol.  6,  p.  274,  plate  899. 

The  genus  Periaster  is  very  dubious.  Duncan  considers  it  a  synonym 
of  Linthia.  Apparently  no  type-species  has  ever  been  definitely  desig- 
nated for  the  genus.  If  Periaster  conicus  d'Orbigny  be  now  designated 
as  the  type,  then  the  genus  can  be  recognized  and  Cotteau's  Periaster 
elongatus  from  St.  Bartholomew  can  be  considered  as  a  valid  Periaster. 
Cotteau  says  that  the  genus  Periaster  is  distinguished  from  Schizaster 
by  the  fact  that  its  posterior  ambulacra  are  ordinarily  more  elongate. 

Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau. 
(Plate  13,  Figure  11.) 

Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl..  vol  13,  No.  6,  p.  27. 

plate  5,  fig.  6. 
Schizaster  (Periaster)  elongatus  Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  196. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
The  test  is  of  medium  size,  elongate,  hollowed,  and  expanded  anteriorly; 
subacuminate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  high,  swollen,  strongly  carinate 
posteriorly,  having  its  greatest  thickness  a  little  behind  the  apical  disk. 
Posterior  face  subangular  and  truncate.  Apical  disk  very  excentric  ante- 
riorly. Anterior  furrow  wide,  deep,  commencing  at  the  apical  disk  and 
extending  as  far  as  the  ambitus.  The  anterior  ambulacrum  III  is  different 
from  the  others,  with  small  pores  separated  by  a  granuliform  swelling  and 
disposed  in  crowded  pairs.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  petaloid,  subflexuous, 
strongly  excavated,  and  very  nearly  equal  in  length.  The  anterior  am- 
bulacra II  and  IV  are  very  divergent  [at  an  angle  of  about  165°  to  each 
other],  nearly  horizontal;  the  posterior  I  and  V  more  converging,  forming 
between  them  an  acute  angle  [of  about  40°];  poriferous  areas  are  wider 
than  the  interval  between  them,  with  pores  which  are  equal,  transverse, 
elongate,  and  united  by  a  furrow.  The  interambulacral  areas  are  crowded, 
compressed,  very  prominent  at  the  approach  to  the  summit.  Tubercles 
are  abundant,  small,  unequal  and  scattered;  the  largest  are  in  the  anterior 
region  on  the  border  of  the  ambulacral  furrow.  The  peristome,  periproct, 
and  apical  disk  are  not  visible  in  the  only  known  specimen  of  the  species. 

The  height  can  not  be  given  exactly,  as  the  base  of  the  specimen  is 
buried  in  matrix,  but  it  is  estimated  to  be  about  18  mm.,  the  length  is 
about  34  mm.,  the  width  24  mm.  While  these  measurements  differ 
markedly  from  those  given  by  Cotteau,  I  think  there  is  no  question  that 
this  is  the  specimen  he  figures,  for  he  says  that  it  is  very  rare,  and  the 
specimen  is  buried  in  matrix  in  the  same  way  that  he  delineates.  The 
species  is  distinguished  from  its  near  allies  by  its  elongate  form,  apical 
disk  excentric  anteriorly,  deep  and  wide  anterior  furrow,  and  the  paired 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  81 

ambulacral  petals  of  equal  length;   also  by  the  fact  that  the  interam- 
bulacra  are  strongly  pinched  up  and  prominent. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115418. 

Genus  SCHIZASTER  Agassiz,  1836. 

Type  species. — Schizaster  studeri  Agassiz,  1835,  Prodrome  Mono- 
graphic Radiaires,  Mem.  Soc.  Sci.,  Neuchatel,  vol.  1,  p.  185  [separate 
p.  18]. 

Schizaster  scillae  Agassiz. 

Schizaster  scillce  Agassiz,  1847,  Catalogue  Raisonne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  8,  p.  21 
(non  Guppy,  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  301).  Cotteau, 
1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  35;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana, 
vol.  22,  p.  82;  plate  26,  figs.  4,  5;  plate  27,  figs.  4  to  6. 

I  have  not  seen  material  of  this  species.  Guppy  (1882,  Scientific 
Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  197)  says  that  the  specimens  from 
Anguilla,  which  in  1866  he  referred  to  Schizaster  scillce,  should  be  referred 
to  the  species  which  Cotteau  describes  as  Schizaster  loveni,  here  called 
Paraster  loveni. 

Cotteau  describes  specimens  of  scillce  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Cien- 
fuegos,  Cuba,  where  he  says  it  is  rare ;  Dewalque  collection  in  Liege. 

Family  SPATANGID.SJ  Gray,  1825. 
Genus  BRISSOPSIS  Agassiz,  1840. 

Type  species. — Brissus  lyrifer  Forbes,  1841,  British  Starfishes,  p.  187. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Brissopsis. 

Petals  not  very  divergent,  II  and  IV  ascending  and  then  curving  outward. 

Periproct  not  visible  from  above B.  jimenoi 

Periproct  visible  from  above B.  atlantica 

Petals  markedly  divergent;    II  and  IV  not  curved;   periproct  visible  from  above.     B.  antillarum 

Brissopsis  jimenoi  Cotteau. 

Brissopsis  jimenoi  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  6; 
1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  33,  plate  3,  figs.  5  to  9;  1897,  Bol.  Com. 
Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  79,  plate  24,  figs.  5  to  9. 

This  species  was  described  by  Cotteau  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Cien- 
fuegos,  San  Martin,  Province  of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba,  where  he  says  it  is 
rare.  Collections  of  Dewalque  in  Liege,  Cotteau  in  Paris,  and  Comisi6n 
del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espana,  Madrid. 

Brissopsis  atlantica  Mortensen. 

Brissopsis  atlantica  Mortensen,  1907,  Danish  Ingolf  Expedition,  vol.  4,  part  2,  p.  160,  plate  3, 
figs.  6,  10,  17.  Lambert,  1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  22. 

This  species,  described  by  Mortensen  from  the  living  fauna,  is  reported 
by  Lambert  as  occurring  fossil  in  the  West  Indies.  He  says  that  the 
matrix  is  identical  with  that  of  Clypeaster  rosaceus,  which  he  also  reports 


82  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

from  Anguilla,  and  he  attributes  them  both  to  the  Pliocene(?),  An- 
guilla, 1  specimen,  collected  by  J.W.  Gregory  in  1899;  British  Museum. 

Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau. 
(Plate  14,  Figures  3,  4.) 

Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  37, 
plate  6,  figs.  19  to  25. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  medium  size,  subcordiform,  a  little  acuminate  posteriorly. 
Upper  face  moderately  swollen,  having  its  greatest  height  posteriorly. 
The  posterior  end  is  narrow  and  a  little  obliquely  truncate.  Lower  face 
depressed,  but  having  posteriorly  a  swelling  in  the  plastron.  The  apical  disk 
is  excentric  anteriorly.  The  anterior  furrow  is  wide,  deep,  extending  to 
the  ambitus,  and  prolonged  below  as  far  as  the  peristome.  The  anterior 
ambulacrum  III  is  straight,  with  very  small  pores  disposed  in  oblique 
pairs.  The  paired  ambulacra  have  the  petals  excavated  and  nearly  equal, 
but  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  are  widely  separated,  while  the  posterior 
pair  I  and  V  are  nearer  together,  and  have  a  tendency  to  round  themselves 
a  little  on  each  side  of  the  summit.  Poriferous  areas  are  wide,  with  oblong 
pores,  comma-like,  nearly  equal,  scarcely  open  at  their  extremity.  Inter- 
poriferous  areas  are  very  narrow,  nearly  wanting.  Approaching  the  apical 
disk,  the  anterior  halves  of  ambulacra  II  and  IV  are  partly  atrophied  and 
the  pores  are  reduced  to  small  separated  pores.  [Similarly  in  the  same  region 
the  posterior  halves  of  ambulacra  I  and  V  are  partly  atrophied  and  the 
pores  correspondingly  reduced.]  Ventrally,  the  ambulacral  areas  form 
wide,  smooth  bands;  the  plates  are  very  greatly  developed  and  the  pores 
very  widely  spaced.  The  pores  are  nearer  together  and  enlarge  a  little 
near  the  peristome.  Tubercles  are  small  dorsally,  except  at  the  apex  and 
on  the  borders  of  the  anterior  furrow,  where  they  are  larger;  they  are  also 
larger  on  the  lower  side.  Peristome  semicircular,  excentric  anteriorly, 
but  well  removed  from  the  anterior  border.  Periproct  rounded,  opening 
at  the  summit  of  the  posterior  face.  There  are  4  genital  pores;  the  anterior 
pair  2  and  3  are  nearer  together  than  are  the  posterior  pair  1  and  4.  Peri- 
petalous  and  subanal  fascioles  are  narrow,  sinuous,  and  perfectly  distinct. 

Height,  20  mm.,  length,  47  mm.,  width,  38  mm.  This  is  the  measure- 
ment of  the  largest  of  3  specimens  in  Washington;  it  is  somewhat 
depressed,  so  that  if  not  depressed,  it  would  be  a  little  higher.  The  best 
preserved  specimen  is  somewhat  smaller  and  measures  20  mm.  in  height, 
43.5  mm.  in  length,  and  36  mm.  in  width.  A  young  specimen  which  is 
finely  preserved  measures  7  mm.  in  height,  14  mm.  in  length,  and  11.5 
mm.  in  width.  All  the  evidence  is  that  this  young  one  and  the  largest 
one  are  the  specimens  which  were  figured  by  Cotteau.  This  species 
differs  from  B.  jimenoi  and  atlantica,  the  only  other  West  Indian  fossil 
species  of  the  genus,  in  that  the  anterior  paired  ambulacral  petals  are 
more  divergent  and  not  curved  in  antillarum.  Cotteau  cites  differences 
between  antillarum  and  a  number  of  European  species. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  3  specimens,  cotypes,  the  originals  of  Cotteau's  plate  6,  figures 
19  to  25,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115406.  Crocus  Bay,  southwest  side, 


1 

SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  83 

Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  2  specimens,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station 
6894.  Crocus  Bay  Bluff,  southwest  side,  uppermost  horizon,  125  feet 
above  sea-level,  mostly  limestone,  Anguilla,  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector, 
1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6967.  Cevicos  limestone,  Arroyo 
La  Mora,  west  of  Cevicos,  Dominican  Republic,  C.  W.  Cooke  collector, 
1  specimen,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  8599. 

Genus  PLAGIOBRISSUS  Pomel,  1883. 

Type  species. — Spatangus  pectoralis  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans 
Vert.,  vol.  3,  p.  29— Echinus  grandis  Gmelin,  1788,  Linn6,  Syst.  Nat., 
ed.  13,  vol.  1,  part  6,  p.  3200. 

Cotteau  calls  his  species  Plagionotus  loveni,  but  Plagionotus  as  a 
generic  name  is  not  available  for  Echini  and  Pomel's  substitute  Plagio- 
brissus  must  be  used  (see  H.  L.  Clark,  1917,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool., 
vol.  46,  p.  207).  Clark  considers  that  the  group  of  Echini  distinguished 
under  the  name  Plagiobrissus  is  rightfully  separated  from  Metalia,  as 
it  not  only  differs  from  that  genus  structurally,  but  its  geographical 
distribution  is  wholly  different.  Metalia  is  an  Indo-Pacific  genus,  while 
Plagiobrissus  is  confined  to  certain  parts  of  the  tropical  Atlantic  and 
the  western  Mediterranean.  Louis  Agassiz  first  distinguished  the  group, 
but  his  generic  name  Plagionotus  being  preoccupied,  A.  Agassiz,  in  the 
Revision,  simply  merged  the  component  species  with  Metalia  of  Gray, 
which  is  the  most  nearly  allied  genus.  There  the  matter  has  rested, 
excepting  that  Pomel,  in  his  remarkable  but  generally  ignored  work, 
suggested  the  name  Plagiobrissus  as  a  substitute  for  the  preoccupied 
Plagionotus. 

Plagiobrissus  loveni  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  14,  Figure  5.) 

Plagionotus  loveni  Cotteau,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  41,  plate  8, 
figs.  7,  8. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  large  size,  cordiform,  rounded  and  strongly  indented  anteriorly, 
a  little  acuminate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  moderately  swollen.  Apical 
disk  excentric  anteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  nearly  wanting  on  approaching 
the  apical  disk;  very  pronounced  toward  the  ambitus.  Anterior  ambu- 
lacrum III  straight,  with  small  rounded  pores.  The  paired  ambulacra! 
petals  are  narrow,  long,  excavated,  especially  in  the  upper  part,  nearly 
superficial  in  approaching  the  ambitus.  Poriferous  areas  are  wide,  with 
oblong  transverse  pores  united  by  a  furrow,  alternating  with  small  granular 
bands.  The  interporiferous  areas  are  furnished  with  small  tubercles,  unequal 
in  size  and  scattered ;  these  areas  are  of  nearly  the  same  width  as  one  of  the 
poriferous  areas.  Tubercles  are  of  two  kinds,  one  very  large,  crenulate, 
and  perforate,  surrounded  by  a  large  scrobicule,  unequal  and  scattered; 
these  occupy  a  large  part  of  the  dorsal  region,  descending  nearly  to  the 
ambitus,  but  clearly  limited  by  the  peripetalous  fasciole.  The  other  kind 
of  tubercles  are  much  smaller,  crowded,  and  very  abundant,  filling  the 
spaces  between  the  large  tubercles.  Below  the  peripetalous  fasciole  and 
as  far  as  the  ambitus  these  smaller  tubercles  are  very  fine,  crowded,  per- 


84  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

fectly  homogeneous,  and  form  small  subconcentric  and  interrupted  ranges, 
quite  regular.  The  apical  disk  is  granular,  with  4  genital  pores;  the  two 
anterior  pores  2  and  3  are  less  open  and  are  nearer  together  than  are  the 
two  posterior  pores  1  and  4.  The  peripetalous  fasciole  is  wide,  distinct,  not 
sinuous,  relatively  very  near  the  ambitus,  subanal  fasciole  annular. 

I  did  not  take  any  measurement  of  the  height,  but  it  is  very  low. 
Cotteau  says  it  is  35  mm.  in  height.  The  length  is  approximately  110  mm . 
and  the  width  100  mm. 

There  is  only  one  specimen  in  Washington,  and  Cotteau  does  not 
mention  any  other,  merely  saying  that  it  is  very  rare.  It  is  beautifully 
preserved  in  part,  but  very  incomplete.  Ambulacrum  V  is  finely  pre- 
served and  also  interambulacra  4  and  5,  with  the  indication  of  the  peri- 
proct  on  the  right  side  of  the  posterior  face.  It  does  not  make  any  near 
approach  to  any  Recent  species  of  the  genus. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115370. 

Genus  MACROPNEUSTES  Agassiz,  1847. 

Type  species. — Macropneustes  deshayesi  Agassiz,  1847,  Catalogue  Rai- 
sonn6,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  8,  p.  8. 

Cotteau's  genus  Peripneustes  is  not  recognized  by  authorities  and  is 
considered  purely  a  synonym  of  Macropneustes,  which  indeed  Cotteau 
himself  recognized,  for  the  species  here  considered  he  put  in  the  genus 
Macropneustes  in  his  Spanish  report,  1897. 

Key  to  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Macropneustes. 

Petals  II  and  IV  straight;   test  widest  across  apical  system M.  clevei 

Petals  II  and  IV  curved;   test  widest  well  back  of  apical  system M.  antillarum 

Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  14,  Figures  6,  7.) 

PeripneusUs  clevei  Cotteau,  1875,   Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  40. 

plate  7,  figs.  4  to  7. 
Macropneustes  clevei  Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  198.     Cotteau, 

1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espafia,  vol.  22,  p.  93,  plate  28,  figs.  1  to  4. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  medium  size,  elongate,  subcordiform,  expanded  anteriorly, 
acuminate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  swollen,  inclined  on  the  sides.  Sub- 
carinate  posteriorly,  having  its  greatest  height  a  little  posterior  to  the 
apical  disk.  Posterior  face  truncate  subvertically,  a  little  reentrant.  Lower 
face  swollen,  rounded  on  the  sides,  depressed  in  front  of  the  peristome  and 
marked  by  an  elevation  of  the  plastron.  Apical  disk  excentric  anteriorly. 
The  anterior  furrow  is  wanting  at  the  summit,  but  is  wide  and  deep,  espe- 
cially toward  the  ambitus,  which  it  enters  strongly.  Anterior  ambulacrum 
III  with  small  pores,  separated,  disposed  obliquely,  alternating  on  each 
side  with  a  row  of  small  tubercles.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  narrow, 
elongate,  and  quite  deeply  sunken,  open  at  the  tips.  The  anterior  pair 
II  and  IV  are  widely  divergent  [at  an  angle  of  about  145°  to  each  other], 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  85 

nearly  horizontal.  The  posterior  pair  I  and  V  are  a  little  longer  and  form 
an  acute  angle  [of  about  48°]  posteriorly.  Tubercles  are  abundant,  fine, 
crowded,  and  homogeneous  below  the  ambitus;  larger  and  more  widely 
spaced  dorsally  at  the  approach  to  the  apical  disk  and  completely  cir- 
cumscribed by  the  peripetalous  fascicle.  Ventrally,  around  the  peristome, 
the  tubercles  are  relatively  larger  and  less  numerous;  they  form  on  the 
plastron  very  regular  longitudinal  and  radiating  series.  The  peristome  is 
semicircular,  labiate,  excentric  anteriorly.  Periproct  oval,  opening  at  the 
summit  of  the  posterior  face.  The  apical  disk  is  small,  with  4  genital  pores; 
the  anterior  pores  2  and  3  are  nearer  than  the  posterior  pores  1  and  4. 
Peripetalous  fasciole  very  sinuous,  following  the  contour  of  the  ambulacral 
petals;  subanal  fasciole  annular. 

Height  35  mm.,  length  61  mm.,  width  51  mm.;  the  width  would 
measure  a  little  more  but  for  lateral  compression.  This  species  is  near 
to  M.  antillarum,  but  differs  from  it  greatly  in  size.  M.  clevei  is  also 
higher,  more  swollen,  the  anterior  furrow  nearly  wanting  at  the  sum- 
mit, and  the  apical  disk  relatively  farther  posteriorly  than  it  is  in 
antillarum.  The  apical  disk  is  24  mm.  from  the  anterior  border. 

There  is  only  one  specimen  in  Washington,  which  is  doubtless  the 
original  of  Cotteau's  figures.  He  says  that  it  is  very  rare  and  does  not 
mention  other  material  than  the  Cleve  collection  in  his  1875  memoir,  but 
does  mention  other  specimens  of  the  species  in  his  Spanish  report,  1897, 
where  he  says  the  species  occurs  in  Cuba. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection 
ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115410.  Cotteau 
records  the  species  from  the  "Miocene"  of  Cuba  and  says  an  internal  mold 
is  in  the  collection  of  the  Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espana, 
Madrid. 

Macropneustes  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  15,  Figure  1.) 

Peripneustes  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  pp.  7, 
39,  plate  7,  figs.  1  to  3;  1881.  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  46. 

Macropneustes  antillarum  Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  198. 

Macropneustes  antillarum  Cotteau  [by  clerical  error  Macropneustes  antillanus  on  his  page  95], 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22.  p.  95,  plate  29,  figs.  1  to  3. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  very  large  size,  elongate,  subcordiform ;  expanded  anteriorly, 
a  little  narrowed  posteriorly.  Upper  face  high  and  elevated  anteriorly, 
strongly  inclined  posteriorly,  having  its  greatest  height  a  little  anterior 
to  the  apical  disk.  Posterior  face  short,  truncate,  and  slightly  reentrant. 
Lower  face  nearly  flat,  appearing  to  be  a  little  elevated  in  the  posterior 
interambulacrum,  depressed  in  front  of  the  peristome.  Apical  disk  very 
excentric  anteriorly  [only  about  32  mm.  from  the  border].  The  anterior 
furrow  beginning  near  the  apical  disk  is  narrow  and  short  at  its  upper 
portion,  wide  and  deep  in  approaching  the  ambitus,  which  it  strongly 
indents.  Anterior  ambulacrum  III  with  small  pores  widely  spaced.  The 
paired  ambulacra  with  narrow,  elongate  petals  are  quite  deeply  excavated. 
The  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  are  very  divergent,  nearly  horizontal;  the 
posterior  pair  I  and  V  are  a  little  longer  and  form  an  acute  angle  posteriorly. 


86  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Cotteau  says  that  the  known  specimens  from  St.  Bartholomew  are  badly 
worn,  but  two  from  the  Eocene  of  Cuba  are  perfectly  preserved  and  aided 
in  completing  his  description.  Tubercles  are  of  two  kinds:  The  larger, 
which  are  crenulate  and  perforate,  occur  dorsally  near  the  summit  and 
especially  anteriorly  on  the  border  of  the  furrow;  they  are  everywhere 
very  definitely  limited  by  the  peripetalous  fasciole.  The  other  tubercles 
are  fine,  crowded,  homogeneous,  very  small,  principally  abundant  above 
the  ambitus  and  in  the  marginal  region.  The  peristome  is  labiate,  semi- 
lunar,  and  very  excentric  anteriorly.  Apical  disk  relatively  little  developed; 
madreporite  long,  narrow,  traversing  the  whole  area  [and,  as  Cotteau  shows 
in  a  figure,  separating  the  two  posterior  genitals  1  and  4  and  oculars  I  and  V]. 
There  are  4  genital  pores,  the  anterior  pair  are  smaller  and  nearer  together 
than. are  the  posterior  pair.  The  peripetalous  fasciole  is  sinuous,  following 
very  closely  the  contour  of  the  ambulacral  petals;  the  subanal  fasciole 
is  doubtful. 

Height  44  mm.,  length  128  mm.,  width  99  mm.  These  measurements 
differ  very  much  from  Cotteau's,  who  says  the  height  is  43  mm.,  length 
117  mm.,  width  105  mm.  His  measurements  were  doubtless  taken  from 
one  of  his  Cuban  specimens,  for  his  published  figure  was  from  one  of 
these,  as  he  states. 

The  Washington  specimen  is  longer  and  narrower  than  Cotteau's 
measurements  and  also  than  his  published  figure,  and  the  apical  disk  is 
much  farther  forward,  being  about  32  mm.  from  the  anterior  border, 
whereas  in  Cotteau's  figure  it  is  41  mm.  from  the  anterior  border.  I 
think  it  is  quite  probably  a  distinct  species,  but  it  is  so  worn  that  sur- 
face characters  are  largely  eroded  away  and  it  therefore  seems  best 
to  leave  it  where  Cotteau  placed  it.  In  position  and  shape  of  the 
ambulacra  it  agrees  well  with  Cotteau's  figure,  and  it  may  be  merely 
a  variant.  In  the  Washington  specimen  ambulacra  II  and  IV  are  at  an 
angle  of  about  160°  to  each  other,  and  ambulacra  I  and  V  are  at  an 
acute  angle  of  about  40°  to  each  other. 

This  species  is  distinct  from  others  known  in  the  genus  in  its  great 
size,  its  elongate  form,  elevated  anteriorly  and  strongly  inclined  pos- 
teriorly, its  wide  and  deep  anterior  furrow,  its  paired  ambulacral  petals 
very  long  and  deep,  its  small  tubercles,  and  very  sinuous  peripetalous 
fasciole. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  cotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115369.  Cotteau  also  cites 
specimens  from  the  Eocene  of  Mantanzas,  Cuba,  which  are  cotypes 
and  in  his  own  collection. 

Genus  BRISSUS  Gray,  1825. 

Type  species. — Spatangus  brissus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein,  pp. 
xx,  182. 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Brissus. 

Width  of  test  70  per  cent  of  length  (more  or  less) ;  periproct  not  visible  from  above. . .   B.  brissus 
Width  of  test  55  per  cent  of  length  (more  or  less) ;   periproct  transversely  elongate, 

visible  from  above B.  exiguus 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  87 

Brissus  brissus  (Leske). 

Spatangus  brissus  Leske,  1778,  Add.  ad  Klein,  pp.  xx,  182. 
Spaiangus  columbaris  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol  3,  p.  30. 

Brissus  columbaris  A.  Agassiz,  1883,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  10,  No.  I,  p.  93.    Cotteau, 
1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol.  Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  77,  plate  26,  figs.  1  to  3. 

I  have  not  seen  fossil  material  of  this  species.  Cotteau,  in  his  Spanish 
paper,  describes  the  species  and  copies  some  old  figures  of  a  specimen 
from  Cuba,  but  without  detailed  locality.  According  to  Cotteau,  this 
species  probably  also  occurs  in  Guadeloupe.  Indeed,  A.  Agassiz  lists 
the  species  as  from  the  Pliocene  of  Guadeloupe.  It  appears  evident, 
from  his  resorting  to  a  copy  for  an  illustration,  that  Cotteau  had  no 
material  himself. 

Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau. 
(Plate  15,  Figures  2  to  4.) 

Brissus  dimidialus  Guppy  (non  Agassiz),  1866,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  p.  301. 
Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  35,  plate  6, 

figs.  16  to  18.    Guppy,  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  198; 

1911,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  67,  p.  685. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  very  small  size,  elongate,  narrow  and  rounded  anteriorly, 
subtruncate  posteriorly.  Upper  face  swollen,  subcarinate  posteriorly. 
Lower  face  regularly  elevated,  depressed  in  front  of  the  peristome.  Apical 
disk  very  excentric  anteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  wholly  wanting,  anterior 
ambulacrum  III  straight,  elongate,  narrow,  with  large  tubercles;  pores  are 
widely  separated  and  scarcely  visible.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  wide, 
subflexuous,  very  unequal;  the  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  are  nearly  trans- 
verse, a  little  rounded  at  the  ends,  moderately  excavated;  the  posterior 
pair  I  and  V  are  longer,  straighter,  a  little  deeper  and  much  less  divergent. 
The  poriferous  areas  are  wide,  with  elongate,  narrow,  equal  pores  in  the  two 
half-areas  approaching  one  another  so  closely  as  to  leave  no  interporiferous 
area.  Tubercles  are  relatively  well  developed  dorsally  on  the  border  of 
ambulacrum  III  and  near  the  apical  disk  on  the  interambulacral  areas; 
fine  and  crowded  on  the  marginal  region ;  larger  and  more  widely  separated 
ventrally.  Peristome  semicircular,  very  excentric  anteriorly.  The  apical 
disk  is  small,  compact,  granular,  with  only  3  genital  pores  in  the  specimen 
in  hand;  the  genital  pore  of  the  madreporite  appears  to  be  atrophied. 
Peripetalous  fasciole  subflexuous,  not  limiting  the  large  tubercles  of  the 
dorsal  side. 

Height  11  mm.,  length  19  mm.,  width  estimated  at  13  mm.  It  is 
estimated  because  one  side  is  crushed  and  therefore  an  exact  measure- 
ment of  the  width  can  not  be  made. 

This  beautifully  preserved  specimen  in  Washington  is  the  only  one 
that  Cotteau  had,  as  he  states.  It  is  therefore  a  holotype  and  the  original 
of  his  figures.  The  ambulacral  petals  II  and  IV,  which  measure  5  mm.  in 
length  each,  are  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  and,  except  for  the  slight 
forward  curvature,  are  almost  in  a  straight  line,  making  practically  an 
angle  of  180°  with  each  other;  petals  I  and  V  are  a  little  longer,  measur- 
ing 7  mm.  each ;  they  extend  back,  forming  an  acute  angle  of  about  40° 
posteriorly.  The  absence  of  a  genital  pore  in  the  madreporite,  as  noted 


88  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF  THE   WEST   INDIES. 

above,  is  obviously  an  abnormal  feature,  as  4  pores  are  the  typical 
generic  character;  the  absence  of  a  genital  pore  in  Recent  Echini  is  not  a 
very  rare  occurrence,  as  I  have  elsewhere  noted  (Phylogeny  of  the  Echini, 
p.  170). 

Another  specimen  in  the  Guppy  collection  at  Washington  (my  plate  15, 
fig.  4)  is  larger  than  the  one  that  Cotteau  described.  It  measures  17  mm. 
in  height,  34  mm.  in  length,  and  23  mm.  in  width.  This  specimen  is  much 
broader  anteriorly  than  the  type,  but  otherwise  has  the  essential  species 
characters.  As  it  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  type,  possibly  this  change 
in  shape  may  be  a  matter  of  development,  or  it  may  be  a  variation.  The 
shape  would  be  apparently  the  only  feature  of  difference.  Cotteau  says 
that  having  only  one  small  specimen  to  represent  this  species,  it  may  be 
that  it  is  the  young  of  some  larger  one  not  yet  known.  It  differs  from  the 
Recent  West  Indian  species  Brissus  unicola  Leske  by  being  longer  and 
narrower,  dorsally  more  carinate  at  the  posterior  end,  and  by  the  close- 
ness of  the  poriferous  areas  of  the  paired  ambulacra,  which  do  not  have 
any  appreciable  intermediate  area. 

Oligocene,  Anguilla  formation,  island  of  Anguilla,  Guppy  collection  ex 
Cleve,  1  specimen,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115396.  Anguilla, 
Guppy  collection,  2  specimens,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115378.  Evidently 
these  last  are  the  specimens  referred  to  by  Guppy  in  his  Trinidad  paper 

as  "the  examples  of  this  species  recorded  by  me  in  1866 as 

dimidiatus were  much  larger  and  in  better  preservation  than 

the  single  specimen  of  the  Cleve  collection."  Guppy  in  1911  notes  that 
Brissus  exiguus  has  lately  been  obtained  from  "Miocene"  [Oligocene] 
beds  in  Trinidad  associated  with  the  characteristic  fossils  of  that 
formation. 

Genus  EUPATAGUS  Agassiz,  1847. 

Type  species. — Eupatagus  valenciennesii  Agassiz,  1847,  Catalogue 
Raisonne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  ser.  3,  vol.  8,  p.  9. 

This  is  Cotteau's  Euspatangus,  an  emended  spelling.  The  West 
Indian  fossil  species  of  Eupatagus  are  very  different  from  the  single 
Recent  species  from  Australia.  They  are  readily  distinguished  from  each 
other,  as  follows: 

Key  to  the  West  Indian  Fossil  Species  of  Eupatagus. 

A.  Apical  system  only  a  little  excentric  anteriorly;    petals  II  and  IV  widely  diver- 
gent, but  not  nearly  at  right  angles  to  long  axis  of  test. 
B.  Petals  II  and  IV  half  as  wide  as  long;  their  interporiferous  areas  'about  60  per 

cent,  of  their  width E.  grandiflorus 

BB.  Petals  II  and  IV  not  nearly  half   as  wide   as  long;  their   interporiferous  areas 

half  their  width E.  clevei 

AA.  Apical  system  very  markedly  anterior;   petals  II   and   IV  nearly  at  right  angles 
to  long  axis  of  the  test. 

C.  Petals  relatively  short,  so  that  intrafasciolar  area  does  not  cover  most  of  abactinal 

surface;  petals  II  and  IV  not  curved. 

D.  Interporiferous  area  of  petals  (especially  of  I  and  V)  widest  at  middle  or 

distally E.  antillarum 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  89 

DD.  Interporiferous  areas  widest  proximally;  poriferous  areas  curved E.  deprcssus 

CC.   Petals  very  long,  nearly  or  quite  reaching  ambitus,  so  that  intrafasciolar  area 
covers  all  of  abactinal  surface. 

E.  Width  exceeds  length     E.  abruptus. 

EE.  Length  exceeds  width. 

F.  Test  high  and  narrow  (height  much  more  than  half  the  length;  width 

about  80  per  cent,  of  length);    petals  II  and  IV  straight E.  cubensis 

FF.  Test  low  and  wide  (height  less  than  half  the  length;  width  about  90  per 
cent,  of  length);  petals  II  and  IV  curved  forward. 

G.  Test  widest  anteriorly;    peristome  little  sunken E.  elegans 

GG.  Test  widest  posteriorly;   peristome  deeply  sunken E.  vaughani 

Eupatagus  grandiflorus  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  15,  Figures  5,  6.) 

Euspatangus  grandiflorus  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6, 

p.  45,  plate  8,  figs.  5,  6. 
Eupatagus  clevei  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Scientific  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  199. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  large  size,  elongate,  a  little  contracted  anteriorly;  dorsally 
high,  thick,  and  swollen;  slightly  carinate  posteriorly;  ventrally  nearly 
flat.  Apical  disk  excentric  anteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  wanting  near  the 
apical  disk,  more  pronounced  as  it  approaches  the  border,  entering  the 
ambitus  strongly.  Anterior  ambulacrum  III  straight,  narrow,  and  long, 
with  very  small  pores,  separated  widely  and  scarcely  visible.  The  paired 
ambulacra  petaloid,  very  wide,  nearly  closed  at  their  tips,  and  unequal.  The 
anterior  pair  II  and  IV  is  a  little  arcuate  in  approaching  the  apical  disk. 
[They  are  widely  separate,  presenting  an  angle  of  about  140°  to  each  other.] 
The  posterior  pair  I  and  V  is  just  a  little  longer,  less  divergent,  and  forming 
an  acute  angle  [of  about  55°]  posteriorly.  Poriferous  areas  are  wide,  slightly 
sunken;  the  pores  are  rounded  and  very  open,  united  by  a  furrow.  [Inter- 
poriferous  area  very  wide.]  In  the  ambulacra  II  and  IV,  the  anterior  pori- 
ferous area  is  very  rounded  and  the  pores  become  very  small  in  approaching 
the  apex.  The  tubercles  are  of  two  kinds,  as  in  all  species  of  the  genus; 
the  larger  scattered,  less  developed  than  they  are  ordinarily,  and  some  are 
preserved  in  the  posterior  interambulacrum;  the  other  kind  of  tubercles 
are  small,  crowded,  and  homogeneous.  Peripetalous  fascicle  nonsinuous, 
the  rest  scarcely  visible. 

Height  42  mm.,  length  74  mm. ;  as  the  specimen  is  wanting  posteriorly, 
this  measurement  is  inadequate;  if  complete,  it  would  doubtless  be  from 
3  to  5  mm.  longer;  the  width  is  64  mm. 

Cotteau  says  that  he  had  only  a  single  specimen,  which  was  from  the 
Cleve  collection.  It  is  very  much  worn  and  shows  very  little  of  the 
surface  characters,  yet  shows  the  petaloid  ambulacra  very  well.  Ambula- 
crum III  is  very  narrow;  the  anterior  paired  ambulacra  II  and  IV  are 
very  wide,  14  mm. ;  the  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V  are  a  trifle  nar- 
rower, measuring  13  mm.  in  width.  This  species  is  to  be  recognized  from 
others  by  its  size,  shape,  the  anterior  furrow,  well  marked  at  the  ambitus, 
and  especially  by  the  width  of  the  paired  ambulacral  areas,  which  is  a 
striking  character. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  holotype,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115371. 


90  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Eupatagus  species  a. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  specimen : 

Species  of  large  size,  rounded,  dome-shaped;  a  little  narrower  anteriorly 
than  posteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  wanting  dorsally,  clearly  marked  as  a 
broad,  shallow  furrow  on  approaching  the  ambitus.  Ambitus  below  the 
midzone.  Rounded  on  the  border,  ventrally  sunken  around  the  peristome. 
Apical  disk  anterior,  32  mm.  from  the  anterior  border  and  65  mm.  from 
the  posterior  border  of  the  test.  Anterior  ambulacrum  straight  and  narrow, 
flush  dorsally,  lying  in  the  shallow  furrow  toward  the  ambitus.  The  paired 
ambulacra  are  petaloid,  of  moderate  width,  slightly  sunken.  Ambulacra 
II  and  IV  widely  divergent,  at  an  angle  of  about  155°  to  each  other.  The 
posterior  pair  I  and  V  form  an  acute  angle  of  about  50°  posteriorly.  Por- 
iferous areas  are  wide,  the  pores  elongate,  comma-shaped,  and  united  by 
a  furrow.  Interporiferous  area  about  the  width  of  a  poriferous.  The 
ambulacra  are  too  incomplete  for  a  full  description.  Larger  tubercles  are 
scattered  thickly  over  the  surface  of  the  test;  the  smaller  abundantly  fill 
the  spaces  between  the  larger  tubercles,  but  are  visible  only  in  favored 
spots.  The  peristome  is  anterior,  but  details  are  not  visible.  The  periproct 
and  details  of  the  apical  disk  and  fascicles  are  wanting. 

Height  50  mm.,  length  97  mm.,  width  85  mm.  This  species  resembles 
E.  grandiflorus,  but  differs  in  that  the  ambulacral  petals  are  very  much 
narrower  and  the  apical  disk  is  farther  anterior.  The  paired  petals  are  of 
about  the  same  width  as  are  those  of  E.  clevei,  but  petals  II  and  IV  are 
much  more  divergent.  Coming  from  Jamaica,  from  which  island  only  a 
few  fossil  Echini  are  at  present  known,  the  specimen  has  a  considerable 
interest.  It  came  in  the  same  lot  with  the  same  lithological  facies  as 
the  Cidaris  foveata,  sp.  nov.,  and  Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  as  here 
described. 

Eocene,  probably  from  the  Cambridge  formation  of  R.  T.  Hill, 
Jamaica,  no  detailed  locality;  1  specimen,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3237. 

Eupatagus  clevei  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  16,  Figures  1,  2.) 

Euspatangus  clevei  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  6,  No.  6,  p.  44. 

plate  8,  figs.  1  to  4. 
Eupatagus  clevei  Guppy  (pars),  1882,  Sci.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  199. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species: 
Species  of  medium  size,  elongate,  rounded,  and  a  little  expanded  ante- 
riorly; more  narrow  and  truncate  posteriorly;  thick  dorsally,  swollen,  a 
little  inclined  anteriorly;  high  and  subcarinate  posteriorly.  Ventrally 
nearly  flat,  a  little  depressed  anteriorly,  presenting  a  slight  elevation  in 
the  posterior  interambulacrum.  Apical  disk  excentric  anteriorly.  Anterior 
furrow  very  attenuate,  nearly  wanting.  Anterior  ambulacrum  III  straight, 
narrow,  long,  with  small  pores  scarcely  visible.  The  paired  ambulacra 
are  wide,  petaloid,  subflexuous,  closed  at  their  tips  and  unequal.  The 
anterior  pair  II  and  IV  are  widely  divergent,  but  are  not  transverse,  a  little 
arcuate;  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V  are  longer  than  the  others,  forming 
between  them  an  acute  angle  posteriorly.  Poriferous  areas  are  wide,  a 
little  depressed,  with  pores  rounded,  very  open,  and  united  by  an  oblique 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  91 

furrow.  Tubercles  are  abundant,  very  unequal,  moderately  developed, 
nearly  as  numerous  in  the  posterior  interambulacrum  as  in  the  other  areas 
and  circumscribed  by  the  peripetalous  fascicle.  Ordinary  tubercles  are 
abundant  and  crowded  toward  the  ambitus  in  the  inframarginal  region  and 
on  the  ventral  swelling  of  the  posterior  interambulacrum.  They  are  a 
little  more  widely  spaced  on  the  approach  to  the  peristome,  leaving  wholly 
smooth  the  ventral  area  of  the  posterior  ambulacra  I  and  V.  Peristome 
narrow,  sublabiate,  transversely  elongate,  excentric  anteriorly.  Periproct 
oval,  opening  at  the  summit  of  the  posterior  face.  The  apical  disk  is  narrow, 
compact,  granular,  and  remarkable  for  the  development  of  the  madreporite 
which  traverses  the  length  of  the  disk,  and  in  Cotteau's  figure  it  is  seen  to 
separate  the  posterior  genitals  1  and  4  and  oculars  I  and  V.  Four  genital 
pores,  the  two  anterior  (2  and  3)  are  nearer  and  less  open  than  are  the 
two  posterior  (1  and  4).  Peripetalous  and  subanal  fascicles  non-sinuous. 

Height  34  mm.,  length  61  mm.,  width  48  mm.  The  Washington 
specimen  is  much  worn  anteriorly  and  shows  little  detail  anterior  to  the 
apical  disk.  This  species  is  distinguished  from  E.  antillarum  by  its 
larger  size,  by  the  fact  that  it  is  very  broadly  rounded  anteriorly,  is  pro- 
portionately wider;  is  more  elevated  and  subcarinate  posteriorly;  the 
anterior  paired  ambulacra  as  far  as  made  out  (petal  1 1  is  preserved  in  part, 
but  petal  IV  is  completely  obliterated,  as  is  also  the  anterior  petal  III), 
are  wider  and  less  divergent,  in  place  of  being  nearly  horizontal,  as 
they  are  in  antillarum.  Ambulacra  II  and  IV  present  an  angle  of 
about  125°  to  each  other,  and  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V  make  an  acute 
angle  of  about  65°  to  each  other.  The  peristome  is  transversely  elon- 
gate, instead  of  being  nearly  round  as  in  antillarum. 

Cotteau  says  that  this  species  is  rare  and  mentions  only  the  Cleve 
collection.  It  is  probable  that  the  Washington  specimen  was  the  only 
one  that  he  had,  as  it  agrees  well  with  his  measurements,  and  while  it 
does  not  show  all  the  details  of  his  figures,  it  has  nothing  discordant 
with  them. 

Eocene,  from  the  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew, 
Guppy  collection  ex  Cleve,  1  specimen,  apparently  the  holotype,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  115379. 

Eupatagus  antillarum  (Cotteau). 
(Plate  16,  Figures  3  to  6.) 

Euspatangus  antillarum  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6, 

p.  43,  plate  7,  figs.  8  to  12. 
Eupatagus  antillarum  Guppy,  1882,  Sci.  Assoc.  Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  p.  199. 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  original  description  of  this  species : 
Species  of  small  size,  rounded  and  subdilated  anteriorly;  narrower  and 
truncate  posteriorly;  a  little  swollen  dorsally,  thick  on  the  borders.  Lower 
face  nearly  flat,  marked  with  an  elevation  corresponding  to  the  posterior 
interambulacrum,  which  is  prominent  and  subangular.  Apical  disk  very 
excentric  anteriorly.  Anterior  furrow  very  attenuated,  nearly  wanting. 
Anterior  ambulacrum  III  narrow,  long,  and  straight,  with  very  small 
pores  scarcely  visible.  The  paired  ambulacral  petals  are  closed  at  their 
tips,  very  unequal;  the  anterior  II  and  IV  transverse  [at  an  angle  of  about 


92  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

150°  to  each  other];  the  posterior  I  and  V  longer,  very  arcuate,  forming 
between  them  an  acute  angle  [of  about  55°]  posteriorly.  Poriferous  areas 
are  wide,  depressed,  with  rounded,  very  open  pores,  united  by  a  furrow 
and  strongly  channeled.  Tubercles  are  of  two  kinds ;  the  larger  are  medium- 
sized,  unequal,  scrobiculate,  irregularly  disposed,  and  circumscribed  by 
the  peripetalous  fascicle.  These  tubercles  are  less  abundant  and  smaller 
in  the  posterior  interambulacrum.  The  smaller  tubercles  are  crowded 
and  abundant,  very  fine  above  the  ambitus,  a  little  larger  inframarginally 
and  on  the  elevation  of  the  posterior  interambulacrum  ventrally.  They 
are  more  widely  spaced  toward  the  peristome  and  on  the  ventral  surface 
leave  nearly  smooth  the  areas  of  the  posterior  ambulacra.  The  peristome 
is  subcircular,  a  little  elongated,  excentric  anteriorly.  The  periproct  is  oval, 
opening  at  the  summit  of  the  posterior  face.  The  peripetalous  and  the 
anal  fascicles  are  observable  only  at  some  points.  They  appear  to  be  very 
little  sinuous. 

There  are  2  specimens  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  The  larger 
measures  18  mm.  in  height,  47  mm.  in  length,  and  33  mm.  in  width;  the 
smaller  specimen  measures  17  mm.  in  height,  38  mm.  in  length,  and  31 
mm.  in  width.  The  smaller  specimen  (my  plate  16,  figs.  5  and  6)  is  the 
better  preserved  of  the  two  and  more  closely  agrees  with  Cotteau's 
specific  description.  It  is  apparently  the  original  of  his  plate  7,  figures 
8  to  II.1  This  specimen  is  broadly  rounded  anteriorly,  presenting  one 
nearly  continuous  curve  from  one  side  around  the  border  to  the  other; 
posteriorly  it  is  much  narrower  and  truncate.  The  larger  specimen  (my 
plate  16,  figs.  3  and  4),  which  is  apparently  the  original  of  Cotteau's 
plate  7,  figure  12,  is  in  shape  almost  the  exact  reverse  of  the  small  speci- 
men. It  is  narrowly  rounded  and  truncate  anteriorly  and  broadly 
rounded  posteriorly,  presenting  one  nearly  continuous  curve  from  one 
side  around  the  border  to  the  other  side.  The  test  is  widest  distinctly 
posterior  to  the  middle.  The  anterior  petals  II  and  IV  are  markedly 
wider  than  the  same  petals  of  the  smaller  specimen  and  the  petals  of  the 
posterior  ambulacra  curve  outward,  not  inward,  as  they  do  in  the  smaller 
specimen.  These  differences  may  be  only  a  matter  of  variation,  but  this 
large  specimen  is  probably  a  distinct  species.  As  I  have  noted  these 
characters  mainly  on  the  photographs  and  have  not  the  specimens  before 
me,  I  hesitate  to  describe  it  as  a  new  species  and  therefore  leave  it  where 
Cotteau  placed  it,  under  antillarum'. 

The  small  size,  ovate  or  obovate  form,  and  almost  perfectly  trans- 
verse anterior  pair  of  ambulacra  distinguish  this  species  from  other 
West  Indian  fossil  species  of  Eupatagus. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholomew,  Guppy  collec- 
tion ex  Cleve,  2  specimens,  cotypes,U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115395.  Besides 
the  Cleve  collection,  Cotteau  mentions  having  specimens  from  the 
museums  of  Stockholm  and  Upsala. 

1  By  clerical  error,  Cotteau,  in  his  text  (p.  43),  refers  this  species  to  plate  7,  figures  7  to  11, 
which  should  read,  figures  8  to  12.  Similarly,  in  his  description  of  the  figures,  each  figure  referred 
to  is  one  number  too  low;  figure  7,  side  view,  should  read,  figure  8,  side  view,  etc.  The  legend 
on  the  plate  is  correct. 


t 

SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPAT  ANGINA.  93 

Eupatagus  depressus,  new  species. 
(Plate  16,  Figure  7.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Test  subcordiform,  broadly  rounded  anteriorly;  narrower  posteriorly; 
very  low  dorsally,  curving  very  gently  from  the  highest  point  at  the  apical 
disk  to  the  relatively  high  rounded  border  on  all  sides;  ventrally  it  is  very 
nearly  flat  as  far  as  preserved,  but  wanting  in  part  posteriorly.  Anterior 
furrow  very  slight,  deepening  and  widening  as  it  approaches  the  ambitus. 
Anterior  ambulacrum  III  narrow,  2.5  mm.  wide  at  halfway  from  the  apical 
disk  to  the  border,  with  small  pores,  widely  spaced  and  inconspicuous.  Petals 
of  the  paired  ambulacra  slightly  raised,  narrow,  curved,  pointed,  nearly 
closed  at  the  tips.  The  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  is  widely  divergent,  but 
not  transverse,  at  an  angle  of  about  140°  to  each  other,  21  mm.  long,  curving 
gently  anteriorly;  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V  (ambulacrum  V  is  wanting, 
but  the  suture  of  its  contact  with  interambulacrum  4  exists,  thus  indicating 
its  contour  on  that  side)  is  longer,  28  mm.  in  length,  curving  outward  and 
forming  an  acute  angle  of  about  60°  to  each  other  posteriorly.  Poriferous 
areas  are  narrow,  sunken,  with  nearly  round  medium-sized  pores  connected 
by  a  deep,  strongly  marked  furrow.  Tubercles  are  of  two  kinds.  The  larger 
are  very  large,  with  strongly  marked  scrobicules,  they  are  widely  spaced  on 
the  four  anterior  interambulacra  dorsally,  but  are  wanting  on  interambu- 
lacrum 5,  and  are  circumscribed  by  the  peripetalous  fasciole.  Ventrally, 
these  primary  tubercles  are  crowded  near  the  border;  for  the  rest  of  the 
ventral  area  they  are  abundant  but  more  widely  spaced.  The  ventral  side 
is  too  imperfect,  or  in  part  wanting,  to  show  much  detail.  Small  tubercles 
are  crowded  and  occupy  the  spaces  between  the  large  tubercles  and  alone 
exist  on  the  ambulacral  areas  and  on  the  posterior  interambulacrum  5 
dorsally.  Peristome  obscurely  outlined,  but  wide  and  excentric  anteriorly, 
24  mm.  from  the  anterior  border.  Periproct  wanting,  apical  disk  excentric 
anteriorly,  27  mm.  from  the  anterior  border;  it  is  very  small,  and  imperfect 
from  a  local  fracture,  but  the  madreporite  with  its  large  pore  is  preserved. 
The  peripetalous  fasciole  is  obscurely  marked,  following  the  outline  of 
the  petals;  the  subanal  fasciole  is  wanting,  as  the  test  is  largely  broken  away 
at  that  area. 

Height  13  mm.,  length  about  65  mm.,  width  60  mm.  This  species  is 
characterized  by  its  very  low,  flat  form,  yet,  with  high  rounded  border 
and  curving  narrow  ambulacra,  is  radically  different  from  any  other 
fossil  West  Indian  species  of  the  genus.  It  approaches  nearest  to 
Eupatagus  carolinensis  W.  B.  Clark,1  but  is  much  larger  and  flatter, 
with  a  distinct  anterior  sinus  which  is  quite  wanting  in  carolinensis. 

Oligocene,  high  bluff,  2  km.  southwest  of  Juana  Diaz,  Porto  Rico, 
from  huge  blocks  of  fallen  limestone  where  irrigation  flume  is  covered 
with  earth,  1  specimen  the  holotype,  station  199,  American  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.  No.  18573,  C.  A.  Reeds  collector,  under  auspices  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 

1  Clark  and  Twitchell,  1915,  Monograph,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  p.  153,  plate  71,  figs.  3a  to  3d,  4. 


94  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

Eupatagus  abruptus  (Gregory). 

Archizopneustes  abruptus  Gregory,  1892,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  48,  p.  163, 

plate  4,  figs.  1  to  5. 
Asterostoma,  sp.  nov.  Gregory,  1892,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  3,  p.  107  [errata  p.  xii  says, 

for  Asterostoma,  n.  sp.  read  Archceopreuster  abruptus  Greg.j. 

This  species  belongs  to  Eupatagus  rather  than  Archceopneustes  because 
of  its  close  relationship  to  Eupatagus  cubensis  (Cotteau).  It  has  no  near 
relationship  to  Palaopneustes  hystrix  A.  Agassiz,  which  Recent  species 
Gregory  made  the  type  of  his  genus  Archaopneustes.  Gregory  does  not 
give  a  geological  age  to  this  species  in  his  description,  but  in  a  later  paper 
(1895,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  51,  pp.  255to312)  says  that  the  Oceanic 
series  is  younger  than  the  Scotland  beds.  R.  J .  L.  Guppy *  reports  finding 
Echinolampas  anguilla  in  the  bed  whence  this  species  came.  The  age  of 
the  deposit,  the  Bissex  Hill  formation,  would  therefore  be  Oligocene,  either 
the  Antiguan  or  the  Anguillan  horizon.  For  a  new  Eupatagus  from 
Barbados,  recently  received  by  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  see  p.  3. 

Oligocene,  uppermost  limestone  of  the  Oceanic  series,  Bissex  Hill  "beds," 
Barbados,  G.  Firth  Franks  collector;  type,  British  Museum,  No.  E  3433. 

Eupatagus  cubensis  (Cotteau). 

Macropneustes  cubensis  (Cotteau),  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  6; 
1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  48,  plate  4,  fig.  7;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa 
Geol.  Espafta,  vol.  22,  p.  91,  plate  23,  figs.  1  to  4;  plate  25,  fig.  7. 

I  have  not  seen  specimens  of  this  species.  It  belongs  in  the  genus 
Eupatagus  rather  than  Macropneustes,  because  the  ambulacral  petals  are 
flush,  not  sunken.  Cotteau  describes  the  species  from  the  Eocene  of 
St.  Martin,  Province  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  Cotteau  collection,  Paris;  also 
ingenio  Constancia,  in  the  Province  of  Santa  Clara,  Cuba,  collection 
Comisi6n  del  Mapa  Geol6gico  de  Espafia,  Madrid. 

Eupatagus  elegans,  new  species. 
(Plate  16,  Figure  8;   Plate  17,  Figure  1.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species : 

Species  of  large  size,  ovate  in  outline,  broadly  rounded  anteriorly,  nar- 
rower and  almost  coming  to  a  point  posteriorly.  Upper  face  subconical, 
the  apex  coinciding  with  the  apical  disk,  which  is  excentric  anteriorly. 
From  the  apex  the  test  slopes  quite  steeply  anteriorly  and  more  gradually 
posteriorly  and  laterally  to  the  ambitus.  It  is  rounded  quite  sharply  at 
the  ambitus.  The  ventral  side  is  depressed  about  the  peristome  and  rises 
in  a  prominent  elevation  in  the  plastron,  especially  posteriorly.  This 
swelling,  while  marked,  is  not  as  excessive  as  it  is  in  the  next  species,  E. 
vaughani.  There  is  a  slight  depression  anteriorly  in  which  the  ambulacrum 
III  lies,  which  could  hardly  be  called  a  furrow.  The  paired  ambulacra 
all  lie  in  radial  slight  depressions  of  the  test.  The  anterior  ambulacrum 
III  is  straight,  narrow,  with  small  pores  situated  in  the  lower  half  of  the 
plates.  The  paired  ambulacra  are  rather  narrow  for  the  size  of  the  specimen 
(13  mm.  at  the  widest  part),  petaloid,  widening  markedly  below  the  petals, 
widest  at  the  ambitus,  thence  narrowing  to  the  peristomal  border.  Ambu- 
lacra II  and  IV,  the  anterior  pair,  are  widely  divergent,  almost  at  right 

1  Guppy,  R.  J.  L.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  67,  p.  692,  1911. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  95 

angles  to  the  long  axis,  lying  at  an  angle  of  about  160°  to  each  other.  The 
posterior  pair  I  and  V  converge  strongly,  forming  an  acute  angle  of  about 
65°  posteriorly.  Poriferous  areas  are  narrow,  the  outer  pores  elongate, 
oblique;  the  inner  slightly  oval.  The  interporiferous  areas  are  narrow;  near 
the  peristome  the  pores  are  close  together  and  situated  near  the  lower  border 
of  each  plate.  Interambulacra  are  broad,  the  lower  border  of  the  plates 
being  markedly  curved.  Plastron  long,  rather  narrow,  and  it,  with  the 
adjacent  ambulacra  I  and  V,  is  moderately  but  distinctly  elevated. 
The  primary  tubercles  are  small,  perforate,  crenulate,  and  scrobiculate ; 
scattered  on  the  dorsal  surface,  more  crowded  toward  the  ambitus  and 
ventrally.  Small  granules  are  scattered  abundantly  between  the  primary 
tubercles  and  form  rings  around  the  latter.  A  few  spines  are  preserved  in 
protected  spots;  these  spines  are  slender  and  acicular,  and  the  best  pre- 
served measure  about  5  mm.  in  length.  The  apical  disk  is  very  small, 
with  4  genital  plates  having  extra  large  genital  pores;  the  pores  of  genitals 
2  and  3  are  nearer  together  than  are  those  of  1  and  4.  The  madreporite 
extends  back,  separating  the  posterior  genitals  and  oculars.  Oculars  are 
very  small.  The  peristome  is  situated  anteriorly,  but  at  a  considerable 
distance  (30  mm.)  from  the  anterior  border;  it  is  in  a  moderate  depression, 
transversely  elongate,  labiate.  The  periproct  is  not  clearly  outlined  in  any 
of  the  specimens,  but  it  is  large,  oval  in  the  vertical  plane,  and  situated  on 
the  posterior  face,  not  visible  from  above. 

This  species  is  represented  by  several  finely  preserved  specimens. 
The  holotype  (plate  17,  fig.  1),  which  is  the  most  complete  dorsally, 
measures  about  43  mm.  in  height,  119  mm.  in  length,  and  108  mm.  in 
width  across  ambulacra  II  and  IV,  which  is  the  widest  part  of  the  test. 
The  paratype  (plate  16,  fig.  8),  which  is  a  little  smaller  than  the  holotype, 
measures  41  mm.  in  height,  1 10  mm.  in  length,  and  100  mm.  in  width. 
It  is  extremely  well  preserved  ventrally  and  in  part  dorsally. 

The  two  described  specimens  are  light  gray.  A  third  individual  from 
the  same  locality  but  from  yellowish  shales,  which  color  the  specimen  has, 
is  referred  to  this  species  with  some  doubt.  It  is  well  preserved,  but  is 
very  imperfect  dorsally.  It  has  the  same  form  in  outline  as  the  type,  but 
is  very  much  flattened.  The  plastron  is  much  narrower  anteriorly  and 
wider  posteriorly.  My  impression  is  that  it  belongs  to  a  distinct  and 
new  species,  but  it  has  not  sufficient  structure  preserved  for  a  proper 
description.  It  is  interesting  that  some  spines  are  associated  with  speci- 
mens of  this  species.  This  is  the  only  species  of  West  Indian  fossil  Echini, 
other  than  the  species  of  Cidaris,  of  which  I  have  seen  the  spines,  and 
they  have  not  been  reported  in  any  other  species  as  far  as  known.  The 
large  size,  conical  form,  and  the  great  width  anteriorly  and  narrowness 
posteriorly  distinguish  this  species  from  any  other  West  Indian  or 
American  species  of  the  genus. 

Oligocene,  high  bluff,  2  km.  southwest  of  Juana  Diaz,  Porto  Rico, 
from  huge  block  of  limestone,  halfway  up  slope  and  just  beneath  basal 
limestone  ledge,  in  situ,  1  specimen,  the  holotype,  station  196,  American 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18574.  High  bluff,  2  km.  southwest  of  Juana  Diaz, 
Porto  Rico,  greenish  to  yellowish  shales  (Juana  Diaz),  exposed  in  the  west 


96  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

bank  of  the  Jacaguas  River,  1  specimen,  paratype  (also  a  fragment, 
both  olive  gray),  station  188,  American  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18575. 
Same  locality  and  data;  1  specimen,  which  is  referred  doubtfully  to 
this  species,  station  189.  All  of  the  above  specimens  of  this  species 
were  collected  by  C.  A.  Reeds  under  the  auspices  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Porto  Rican  Government  and  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  cooperating. 

Eupatagus  vaughani,  new  species. 
(Plate  17,  Figure  2;   Plate  18,  Figures  1,  2.) 

The  following  is  a  description  of  this  species: 

Test  massive,  oval,  elongate,  a  little  contracted  anteriorly;  low,  rounded, 
dome-shaped  dorsally,  presenting  almost  an  equal  curve  anteroposteriorly, 
but  is  a  little  steeper  anteriorly ;  strongly  rounded  on  the  border,  especially 
posteriorly.  Posteriorly,  rising  in  a  rounded  outline  rather  than  a  steep 
face.  Ventrally,  nearly  flat  on  the  marginal  outline,  hollowed  into  the 
anterior  peristome.  The  plastron  is  elevated  strongly,  and  posteriorly 
it  presents  almost  a  median  ridge.  The  anterior  furrow  is  wanting,  except 
ventrally,  close  to  the  peristome.  Ambulacra  flush,  wide,  petaloid,  curved, 
excepting  ambulacrum  III,  which  is  narrow,  straight,  inconspicuous,  widen- 
ing as  it  approaches  the  peristome.  The  pores  of  ambulacrum  III  can  not 
be  made  out  dorsally,  as  the  specimen  is  much  worn,  but  ventrally  they 
appear  as  single  pores  in  a  furrow,  which  widens  as  it  approaches  the  per- 
istome. The  paired  ambulacra  are  wide,  petaloid,  curving,  the  petals 
extending  to  the  ambitus.  The  anterior  pair  II  and  IV  are  widely  diverging, 
at  an  angle  of  about  145°  to  each  other,  curving  forward  as  they  approach 
the  ambitus;  the  posterior  pair  I  and  V  are  a  little  wider  than  II  and  IV, 
much  less  diverging,  and  present  an  acute  angle  of  about  60°  posteriorly; 
they  are  only  slightly  curved.  The  pores  of  the  paired  areas  are  very  much 
alike,  rounded,  and  prominent;  the  inner  and  outer  pores  are  in  a  straight 
line,  separated  by  a  moderately  short  space,  and  situated  on  the  outer 
border  of  the  plates;  the  interporiferous  area  is  narrow.  The  interam- 
bulacra  are  wide  and  the  plates  are  strongly  curved  on  the  horizontal  suture 
lines.  The  details  of  plate-sutures  and  tubercles  are  almost  gone  from 
mechanical  wear  of  the  surface  in  the  holotype,  but  in  the  second  specimen 
or  paratype  the  sutures  are  quite  obvious  and  a  few  tubercles  are  preserved. 
These  tubercles  are  small,  perforate,  scrobiculate,  not  crowded.  The  apical 
disk  is  small,  excentric  anteriorly,  but  no  details  of  the  plates  are  preserved. 
The  peristome  is  transversely  elongate,  labiate,  excentric,  quite  near  the 
anterior  border  of  the  test.  The  periproct  is  very  large  (23  mm.  high,  19 
mm.  wide),  oval  in  a  vertical  plane,  situated  on  the  posterior  face  and  just 
barely  visible  from  above.  The  plastron  is  very  large,  triangular,  wide 
and  strongly  elevated  posteriorly,  so  much  so  that  this  area  stands  out 
as  a  distinct  bulge  below  the  ambital  outline  when  seen  in  profile.  Fascicles 
are  not  preserved  in  either  specimen. 

The  holotype,  which  is  the  more  complete  of  the  two  known  specimens, 
measures  50  mm.  in  height  through  the  plane  of  apical  disk,  134  mm. 
in  length,  and  118  mm.  in  greatest  width  through  interambulacra 
1  and  4. 


SYSTEMATIC   DESCRIPTIONS — SPATANGINA.  97 

This  fine  species  by  far  surpasses  in  size  any  other  West  Indian  species 
of  the  genus  and  makes  no  close  approach  to  any  of  them.  It  is  clearly 
characterized  by  its  great  size,  low,  rounded  dorsal  outline,  and  the  great 
swelling  ventrally  of  interambulacrum  5  near  the  posterior  border  of  the 
test.  While  the  holotype  is  the  more  perfect  specimen  as  a  whole,  the 
second  specimen,  or  paratype,  shows  interambulacral  suture  lines  and  in 
protected  spots  very  well  preserved  tubercles.  I  take  great  pleasure  in 
naming  this  species  for  Dr.  T.  Wayland  Vaughan,  who  has  done  so  much 
to  elucidate  the  geology  and  palaeontology  of  the  \Vest  Indies. 

Oligocene,  Antigua  formation,  bluff  on  north  side  of  Willoughby  Bay, 
Antigua;  T.  W.  Vaughan  collector,  1914;  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6881; 
2  specimens,  the  holotype,  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328245;  and  a  paratype, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328246. 

Eupatagus  species  b. 

This  species  is  represented  by  a  single  specimen,  too  incomplete  for 
description,  but  representing  a  very  large  species  distinct  from  others 
known,  but  nearest  to  Eupatagus  vaughani.  The  test  is  elongate,  very 
low  and  wide.  The  apical  disk  is  posterior  to  the  center,  being  about 
90  mm.  from  the  anterior  border.  Petals  1 1  and  IV  are  widely  divergent ; 
petals  I  and  V  are  sunken,  and  present  an  acute  angle  posteriorly.  The 
outer  pores  are  elongate,  oval,  the  inner  pores  rounded,  the  pores  of  each 
pair  being  connected  by  a  furrow.  The  interporiferous  area  is  twice  the 
width  of  a  poriferous  area.  The  width  of  petal  I  at  its  widest  part  is 
22  mm.,  and  of  petal  IV  is  about  20  mm.  Ambulacrum  III  is  imper- 
fectly visible  in  part,  but  it  is  apparently  flush,  straight,  and  much 
narrower  than  the  other  ambulacral  areas. 

The  specimen  is  about  145  mm.  in  length  and  about  130  mm.  in  width ; 
it  is  very  low,  but  the  height  is  unknown,  as  the  specimen  is  too  incom- 
plete to  allow  any  accurate  vertical  measurement.  It  is  a  pity  that  it 
is  not  better  preserved,  as  it  represents  a  fine  and  very  large  species. 

Eocene,  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  Governor's  Bay,  point  between 
the  bay  and  Grand  or  Negre  Point,  St.  Bartholomew,  1  specimen,  T.  W. 
Vaughan  collector,  1914;  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  station  6921 ;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  328224. 

Genus  BREYNIA  Desor,  1847. 

Type  species. — Spatangus  crux-andrece.  Lamarck,  1816,  Anim.  sans 
Vert.,  vol.  3,  p.  31  =  Spatangus  australasice  Leach,  1815,  Zool.  Misc., 
vol.  2,  p.  68,  plate  82. 

Breynia  cubensis  Cotteau. 

Breynia  cubensis  Cotteau,  1875,  Kongl.  Sven.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  p.  7;  Ann. 
Soc.  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  9,  p.  43,  plate  4,  figs.  4  to  6;  1897,  Bol.  Com.  Mapa  Geol. 
Espana,  vol.  22,  p.  87,  plate  25,  figs.  4  to  6. 

The  genus  Breynia  is  an  I  ndo- Australian  type  in  the  Recent  fauna, 
and  it  is  quite  remarkable  that  a  fossil  West  Indian  species  should  have 


98  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF  THE   WEST   INDIES. 

occurred.  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen,  but  Cotteau  described  this  species 
from  the  Eocene  (?)  of  Matanzas,  Cuba.  The  material  is  in  his  own 
collection. 

Lambert  (1915,  Mem.  Soc.  d'Agric.  de  1'Aube  (Troyes),  vol.  79,  p.  31) 
claims  that  Cotteau's  Breynia  cubensis  is  not  a  true  Breynia,  but  belongs 
rather  with  Brissoides.  He  notes  that  a  specimen  of  the  genus  Brissoides 
was  found  at  "Dodger's  Bay,"  Antigua,  and  that  it  differs  from  cubensis 
in  that  the  latter  has  fewer  but  larger  tubercles,  more  equal  petals,  less 
tapering  and  non-flexuous.  The  specimen  which  Lambert  describes, 
without  specific  name,  is  very  imperfectly  preserved ;  it  was  collected  by 
J.  W.  Gregory,  1899,  collection  of  British  Museum. 


[NOTE. — In  a  paper  on  fossil  Echini  from  northeastern  Mexico,  a  number 
of  Cotteau's  West  Indian  species  are  recorded  as  occurring  in  Mexico.  This 
paper  by  Kew  (in  R.  E.  Dickerson  and  W.  S.  W.  Kew,  1917.  The  fauna  of  a 
medial  Tertiary  formation  and  the  associated  horizons  of  northeastern 
Mexico.  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  4,  vol.  7,  pp.  125-156,  pis.  17-26a) 
came  to  my  attention  too  late  to  be  considered  otherwise  than  by  this  note. 
The  species  referred  to  are  beautifully  figured,  and  a  locality  is  given  but 
no  description.  What  Kew  calls  Clypeaster  cf.  concavus  Cotteau  has  petals 
too  flaring  and  wide  open,  and  the  test  is  proportionately  too  wide  to  be 
closely  compared  to  concavus.  His  Clypeaster  cubensis  Cotteau,  though  I 
have  not  seen  specimens  of  the  species,  appears  to  be  too  flattened  above 
the  border  and  has  petals  too  short  proportionately  to  be  referred  to  that 
species.  His  Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau  is  evidently  very  close  to  the  species 
here  (p.  70)  separated  from  Cotteau's  clevei  as  A.  inflata,  sp.  nov.  What 
Kew  calls  Schizaster  clevei  Cotteau  differs  so  radically  in  side  view  from 
clevei  that  it  seems  it  can  not  be  referred  to  that  species.  Kew's  Macropneus- 
tes  antillarum  Cotteau  is  much  higher  posteriorly  and  more  rounded  margin- 
ally than  the  only  specimen  of  the  species  that  I  have  seen.  It  is  very 
doubtful  if  Kew's  identification  is  correct.] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PRINCIPAL  PUBLICATIONS  ON 
WEST  INDIAN  FOSSIL  ECHINI. 

AGASSIZ,  ALEXANDER.     1883.     Reports  on  results  of  dredging  .     .     .  by  U.  S.  Coast 

Survey  steamer  Blake.     Report  on  the  Echini,  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool 

vol.  10,  No.  1,  pp.  i-viii,  9-94,  pis.  1-9,  9a,  10-15,  15a-15c,  16-28. 
BROWN,  AMOS  P.     1914.     Notes  on  the  geology  of  the  island  of  Antigua.     Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  65,  pp.  584-616,  pis.  18-20. 
COTTEAU,  [GUSTAVE  HONORE].   1871.  Notice  sur  le  genre  A sterostoma.  Mem.Soc.Geol.de 

France,  ser.   2,  vol.  9,  pp.    177-184,  pis.    16,    17. 
— .     1875.    Descriptions  des  Echinides  tertiaires  des  lies  St.  Barthelemy  et  Anguilla. 

Kongl.    Sven.    Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  vol.  13,  No.  6,  pp.  1-48,  pis.  1-8. 
.     1881.     Description  des  Echinides  fossiles  de  1'Ile  de  Cuba.    Annales  Soc.  Geol. 

de  Belgique,  vol.  9,  pp.  1-49,  pis.  1-4. 
.    1897.     Descripcion  de  los  Equinoides  Fosiles  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba  por  M.  G.  Cotteau, 

adicionada  por  D.  Justo  Egozcue  y  Cia.     Bol.  Com.  del  Mapa  Geol.  de 

Espana,  vol.  22,  pp.  1-100,  pis.  1-29. 
DE  CoRtAzAR,  D.     1880.     Descripcion  de  un  nuevo  Equinodermo  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba: 

Encope  dee,  n.  sp.     Bol.  Com.  del  Mapa  Geol.  de  Espana,  vol.  7,  pp.  227-232 

[pp.  1-6  of  article],  pis.  G  and  H. 
DESOR,  EDOUARD.     1858    Synopsis  des  Echinides  fossiles,   pp.  i-lxiii,   1-490,    1-44,  pis. 

1^4. 
DUCHASSAING,  PIERRE.     1855.     Sur  les  formations  modernes  de  1'ile  de  la  Guadeloupe,  par 

M.  Duchassaing,  D.— M.  a  1'ile  Saint-Thomas  (Antilles).     Bull.  Soc.  Geol. 

de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  12,  pp.  753-757. 
EGOZCUE  Y  CIA,  JUSTO.    See  COTTEAU,  1897. 
GREGORY,  J.  W.     1889.     Cystechinus  crassus,  a  new  species  from  the  Radiolarian  marls  of 

Barbados,  and  the  evidence  it  affords  as  to  the  age  and  origin  of  these  deposits. 

Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  45,  pp.  640-650,  figs.  1-3. 
.     1892.    Archaopneustes  abruptus,  a  new  genus  and  species  of  echinoid  from  the 

Oceanic  series  in  Barbados.  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  48,  pp.  163- 

169,  pi.  4. 
.     1892a.     The  relations  of  the  American  and  European  echinoid  faunas.     Bull. 

Geol.  Soc.  America,  vol.  3,  pp.  101-108.   [See  errata,  p.  xii  of  that  volume.] 
— .     1895.     Contributions  to  the  palaeontology  and  physical  geology  of  the  West 

Indies.     Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  51,  pp.  255-312,  pi.  11. 
GUPPY,   R.  J.   LECHMERE.      1866.     On  Tertiary  Echinoderms  from  the  West   Indies. 

Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  22,  pp.  297-301,  pi.  19. 
• .     1882.     On    the    fossil    Echinodermata   of   the   West    Indies.     Scientific   Assoc. 

Trinidad,  Proc.,  part  12,  pp.  193-199. 
.     1911.     On  the  geology  of  Antigua  and  other  West  Indian  islands  with  reference 

to  the  physical  history  of  the  Caribbean  region.    Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc. 

London,  vol.  67,  pp.  681-700,  pi.  50  [map]. 
HILL,  ROBERT  T.     1899.     The  geology  and  physical  geography  of  Jamaica.     Bull.  Mus. 

Comp.  Zool.,  vol.  34,  pp.  1-256,  pis.  1-41. 
LAMBERT,  J.     1915.     Echinides    Neogenes    des    Antilles    Anglaises.     Mem.    Soc.    Acad. 

d'Agriculture,  des  Sciences,  Arts  et  Belles  Lettres  du  Department  de  1'Aube, 

Troyes,  vol.  79,  pp.  17-34,  one  plate  [not  numbered]. 
MICHELIN,  HARDOUIN.     1855.     Echinides  vivants  et  fossiles  des  Antilles  et   du   Golfe 

du  Mexique.     Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2,  vol.  12,  pp.  758-759  [signed 

H.  M.]. 
— .     1861.     Monographic  des  Clypeastres  fossiles.     Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  ser.  2, 

vol.  7,  pp.  101-148,  pis.  9-36. 

[NOTE. — For  lists  of  recent  papers  on  West  Indian  geology  and  palaeontology  and  on 
Mesozoic  and  Tertiary  Echini  of  the  United  States  and  Central  America,  see  the  following 
paper  by  Doctor  Vaughan,  pages  107,  108,  and  120.] 

99 


100  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PLATES. 

[The  accompanying  plates  were  made  up  to  be  reduced  to  a  uniform  width  of  5K  inches. 
This  proved  to  be  undesirable,  and  the  plates  are  reduced  to  5  inches  in  width,  with  in  most 
cases  a  corresponding  slight  reduction  of  the  original  figures.  The  approximate  size  of  the 
figures  is  given  in  the  descriptions.  Where  desired  the  exact  size  of  specimens  can  usually 
be  obtained  from  the  descriptions  in  the  text.] 

PLATE  1. 

FIG.  1.  Cidaris  anguilla  Cotteau.  Cotype,  X  3.4;  spine;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115393. 

FIGS.  2-5.  Cidaris  peloria,  sp.  nov.  Spines  and  interambulacral  plate,  X  0.9;  (2)  base 
and  shaft,  holotype;  (3)  interambulacral  plate;  (4)  tip  of  probably 
a  ventral  spine;  (5)  base  and  tip  with  estimated  interval  indicated 
by  dotted  lines;  (3  to  5)  paratypes;  near  San  Sebastian,  Porto 
Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18564. 

FIGS.  6,  7.  Cidaris foveata,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (6)  dorsal  and  (7)  side  views  of 
the  same  specimen.  The  peculiar  pits  are  best  seen  in  right  inter- 
ambulacrum.  Jamaica;  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  No.  3234. 

FIGS.  8-10.  Cidaris  loveni  Cotteau.  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (8)  dorsal,  (9)  ventral,  and 
(10)  side  views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  No.  115415. 

FIG.  11.  Cidaris  clevei  Cotteau.  Holotype,  X  4;  side  view  of  interambulacrum  and 
two  half-ambulacra;  Anguilla;  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115400. 

FIGS.  12-17.  Cidaris  melitensis  Wright.  Tests  and  spines,  X  0.8;  (12)  dorsal,  (13) 
ventral,  and  (14)  side  views  of  the  same  specimen;  (15)  spines; 
(16)  dorsal  and  (17)  ventral  views  of  an  immature  specimen; 
Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115399. 

FIGS.  18-20.  Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck).  Test,  XI;  (18)  dorsal,  (19)  ventral, 
and  (20)  side  views  of  same  specimen,  Santiago  de  Cuba;  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  328221. 

FIGS.  21-24.  Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau.  Cotype,  X  1.8;  (21)  dorsal,  (22)  ventral, 
(23)  side  view  in  longer  axis,  and  (24)  side  view  in  shorter  axis  of 
same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115398. 

PLATE  2. 

FIG.  1.  Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau.  Dorsal  view,  X  0.9;  Rio  Gurabo,  Dominican 
Republic;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328232. 

FIGS.  2-5.  Lanieria  lanieri  (Cotteau).  (2)  Dorsal  view  of  large  specimen  and  (3) 
left  side  view  of  same  specimen,  X  0.9;  (4)  dorsal  view  of  smaller 
specimen,  X  1.8;  (5)  ventral  view  of  another  small  specimen, 
X  1.8;  Cuba;  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  No.  1505. 

FIGS.  6,  7.  Sismondia  antillarum  Cotteau.  Holotype,  X  1.8;  (6)  dorsal  and  (7)  ven- 
tral views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115394. 

FIGS.  8,  9.  Sismondia  anguilla  Cotteau.  Holotype,  X  1.8;  (8)  dorsal  and  (9)  ventral 
views  of  same  specimen.  The  periproct  is  very  small.  Anguilla; 
U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115421. 

FIGS.  10, 11.  Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau.  Cotype,  X  0.9;  (10)  dorsal  and  (11)  ven- 
tral views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
115376. . 

FIG.  12.  Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau.  Four-rayed  specimen,  X  0.9;  near  Cevicos, 
Dominican  Republic;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328233. 

PLATE  3. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Clypeaster  caudatus,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  XI;  (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  left  side 
views  of  same  specimen;  Los  Quemados,  Dominican  Republic; 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328235. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   PLATES.  101 

PLATE  4. 
FIG.  1.  Clypeaster  dalli  (Twitchell).  Dorsal  view,  X  0.7;  Gato,  Dominican  Republic- 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328234. 
FIG.  2.  Clypeaster  lanceolatus  Cotteau.     Dorsal  view,  X  0.7;  Havana  Cuba-  Amer 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18577. 

PLATE  5. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Clypeaster  antillarum  Cotteau.  Holotype,  XI;  (1)  dorsal  and  (2) 
ventral  views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
115390. 

PLATE  6. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Clypeaster  planipetalus  Cotteau.  (1)  Dorsal  and  (2)  left  side  views  of 
same  specimen,  X  0.9;  north  side  of  Willoughby  Bay,  Antigua; 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328237. 

FIGS.  3-5.  Clypeaster  cryptopetalus,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (3)  dorsal,  (4)  ven- 
tral, and  (5)  left  side  views  of  same  specimen;  Rifle  Butts,  Antigua; 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328239. 

FIGS.  6-8.  Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue.  (6)  Dorsal,  (7)  ventral,  and  (8)  left  side 
views  of  same  specimen;  X  0.9;  near  Guantanamo,  Cuba;  C.  T. 
Ramsden's  collection. 

PLATE  7. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Clypeaster  placentoides,  sp.  nov.  The  holotype  is  the  smaller  specimen 
resting  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  larger,  which  is  the  same  species; 
X  0.9;  (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  left  side  views  of  same ;  near  Guantanamo, 
Cuba;  C.  T.  Ramsden's  collection. 

FIG.  3.  Clypeaster  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov.  Paratype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  Guanica 
Harbor,  Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18567. 

FIG.  4.  Clypeaster  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov.  Paratype,  X  0.9;  ventral  view;  Guanica 
Harbor,  Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18568. 

FIGS.  5,  6.  Echinarachnius  sebastiani,  sp.  nov.  (5)  Holotype,  dorsal  view;  (6)  para- 
type,  dorsal  view;  X  0.9;  San  Sebastian,  Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  No.  18570. 

FIG.  7.  Encope  latus,  sp.  nov.  Holotype;  dorsal  view;  X  0.9;  the  vertical  axis  of  this 
figure  is  twisted  to  the  left;  compare  text-figure  5,  p.  51;  Govern- 
ment Road,  Aguadilla  to  Rincon,  Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.  No.  18572. 

PLATE  8. 
FIGS.  1,  2.  Clypeaster  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov.     Holotype,  XI;    (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  left 

side  views  of  same  specimen;    north  side  of  Willoughby  Bay, 

Antigua;   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328241. 
FIG.  3.  Clypeaster  oxybaphon,  sp.  nov.     Paratype,   X  1;    dorsal   view,   north  side 

of  Willoughby  Bay,  Antigua;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328242. 

PLATE  9. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Clypeaster  platygaster,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  ven- 
tral views  of  same  specimen;  Havana,  Cuba;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.  No.  18569. 

FIG.  3.  Peronella  mirabilis,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  X  1.8;  dorsal  view;  Mount  Moriah, 
San  Fernando,  Trinidad;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328247. 

FIGS.  4,  5.  Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske.  (4)  Dorsal  and  (5)  ventral  views  of  same 
specimen,  X  1.8;  Anguilla;  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115402. 

FIGS.  6-8.  Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau).  Cotype,  X  0.9;  (6)  dorsal,  (7)  ventral, 
and  (8)  right  side  views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew; 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115417. 

FIG.  9.  Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau).  Cotype,  X  0.9;  ventral  view;  St.  Bartholo- 
mew; U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115420. 


102  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

PLATE  9— continued. 

FIGS.  10-12.  Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau.  Cotype,  X  0.9;  (10)  dorsal,  (11) 
ventral,  and  (12)  right  side  views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholo- 
mew; U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115401. 

PLATE  10. 

FIGS.  1-3.  Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy.  Cotype,  X  0.9;  (1)  dorsal,  (2)  ventral, 
and  (3)  anterior  views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  No.  115386. 

FIGS.  4,  5.  Echinolampas  ovumserpentis  Guppy.  Cotypes,  X  0.9;  (4)  dorsal  view; 
(S)  ventral  view  of  another  specimen;  San  Fernando,  Trinidad; 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115389. 

FIGS.  6,  7.  Echinolampas  clevei  Cotteau.  Cotypes;  X  0.9;  (6)  dorsal  view;  (7)  ven- 
tral view  of  young  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115419. 

PLATE  11. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Echinolampas  clevei  Cotteau.    Cotpye,  X  0.9;    (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  left  side 

views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 

115374. 
FIGS.  3-5.  Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy.     (3)  Dorsal,  (4)  ventral,  and  (5)  right 

side  views  of  same  specimen,  X  0.9;    Anguilla;    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

No.  115387. 
FlG.  6.  Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy.    Cotype,  X  0.9;    dorsal  view;    Anguilla; 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115388. 
FIGS.  7-9.  Echinolampas  anguilla  Cotteau.   Holotype,  X  0.8;   (7)  dorsal,  (8)  ventral, 

and  (9)  left  side  views  of  same  specimen;   Anguilla;    U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.  No.  115372. 

PLATE  12. 

FIG.  1.  Cardiaster  cubensis,  sp.  nov.     Holotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  valley  of  Rio 

Yateras.  Cuba;  C.  T.  Ramsden  collection. 
FIGS.  2-4.  Agassizia  inflata,  sp.  nov.     Holotype,  X  1.8;    (2)  dorsal,  (3)  ventral,  and 

(4)  left  side  views  of  same  specimen;    St.  Bartholomew;    U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.  No.  325610. 
FIGS.  5-7.  Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau.    Cotype,  X  1.8;    (5)  dorsal,  (6)  ventral,  and  (7) 

left  side  views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 

115407. 
FIGS.  8,  9.  Prenaster  loveni  Cotteau.     Holotype,    X  2;    (8)  dorsal  and  (9)  ventral 

views  of  same  specimen;    St.  Bartholomew;    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

No.  115411. 
FIG.  10.    Hemiaster  berkeyi,  sp.  nov.    Holotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  Guanica,  Porto 

Rico;  G.  J.  Mitchell  collection. 

PLATE  13. 

FIGS.  1-3.  Paraster  antillarum  (Cotteau).  Cotype,  X  1.8;  (1)  dorsal,  (2)  ventral,  and 
(3)  left  side  views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  No.  115404 

FIGS.  4,  5.  Paraster  clevei  (Cotteau).  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (4)  dorsal  and  (5)  left  side 
views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115408. 

FIGS.  6-8.  Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau).  Cotypes,  X  1.8;  (6)  dorsal  and  (7)  ventral 
views  of  same  specimen;  (8)  dorsal  view  of  another  specimen; 
Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115391. 

FIG.  9.  Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau).  Cotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view  of  another  specimen; 
Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115391. 

FIG.  10.  Paraster  subcylindricus  (Cotteau).  Cotype,  X  1.8;  dorsal  view;  St.  Barthol- 
omew; U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115416. 

FIG.  11.  Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau.  Holotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  St.  Barthol- 
omew; U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115418. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   PLATES.  103 

PLATE  14. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Paraster  subcylindricus  (Cotteau).  Cotype,  X  1.8;  (1)  dorsal  and  (2) 
ventral  views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S  Nat 
Mus.  No.  115416. 

FIGS.  3,  4.  Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau.  Cotype,  X  0.9;  «3)  dorsal  and  (4)  ventral 
views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115406. 

FIG.  5.  Plagiobrissus  loveni  (Cotteau).  Holotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  St.  Bar- 
tholomew; U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115370. 

FIGS.  6,  7.  Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau).  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (6)  dorsal  and  (7) 
ventral  views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
No.  115410. 

PLATE  15. 

FIG.  1.  Macropneustes   antillarum    (Cotteau).     Cotype,  X   0.9;    dorsal    view;  St. 

Bartholomew;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115369. 
FIGS.  2,  3.  Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau.     Holotype,  X  3.6;    (2)  dorsal  and  (3)  left  side 

views  of  same  specimen;  Anguilla;  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  115396. 
FIG.  4.  Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau.    Dorsal  view;    X  0.9;   Anguilla;    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

No.  115378. 
FIGS.  5,  6.  Eupatagus  grandiflorus  (Cotteau).  Holotype,  X  0.9;  (5)  dorsal  and  (6)  left 

side  views  of  same  specimen;  St.  Bartholomew;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

No.  115371. 

PLATE  16. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Eupatagus  clevei  (Cotteau).    Holotype,  X  0.9;   (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  ventral 

views  of  same  specimen;    St.  Bartholomew;    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

No.  115379. 
FIGS.  3-6.  Eupatagus  antillarum  (Cotteau).     Cotypes;    X  0.9;    (3)  dorsal  and  (4) 

ventral  views  of  same  specimen ;  (5)  another  specimen,  dorsal  view, 

and  (6)  ventral  view  of  the  same;   St.  Bartholomew;   U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.  No.  115395. 
FIG.  7.  Eupatagus  depressus,  sp.  nov.     Holotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  near  Juana 

Diaz,  Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18573. 
FIG.  8.  Eupatagus  elegans,  sp.  nov.    Paratype,  X  0.9;    ventral  view;    near  Juana 

Diaz,  Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18575. 

PLATE  17. 

FIG.  1.  Eupatagus  elegans,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  X  0.9;  dorsal  view;  near  Juana  Diaz, 
Porto  Rico;  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  No.  18574. 

FIG.  2.  Eupatagus  vaughani,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  X  1;  ventral  view  (for  dorsal  and 
side  views  of  same  specimen  see  plate  18);  north  side  of  Wil- 
loughby  Bay,  Antigua;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  328245. 

PLATE  18. 

FIGS.  1,  2.  Eupatagus  vaughani,  sp.  nov.  Holotype,  XI;  (1)  dorsal  and  (2)  right 
side  views  of  same  specimen  (for  ventral  view  of  same,  see  plate  17) ; 
north  side  of  Willoughby  Bay,  Antigua;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No. 
328245. 


1.   Cidaris  anguillae.        8  to  10.  (Moveni.  18  to  20.   C.  tribuloides. 

to  5.  (\  pc-loria.  11.  C.clevei.  21to24.   Echinometraprisca. 

C),  7.  C.  foveata.  12  to  17.  C.  melitensis. 


1.    Echinopedina  cubensis.  6,7.  Sismondia  antillarum. 

2  to  5.  Lzmieria  lanieri.  8,  9.  S.  anguillae. 

10  to  12.  Clypeaster  concavus. 


JACKSON 


1,  2.  Clypeaster  caudatus. 


1.   Clypeaster  dalli.          2.   C.  lanceolatus. 


\ 
x'    '    V 


1,2.  Clypeaster  planipetalus.         3  to  5.  C.  cryptopetalus.         6  to  8.  C.  cotteaui. 


1,  2.  Clypeaster  placentoides. 
3,  4.   C.  oxybaphon. 


5,  6.   Echinarachnius  sebastiani, 
7.   Encope  latus. 


JACKSON 


u 


JACKSON 


1,  2.  Clypeaster  platygaster.  4,  5.   Echinoneus  cyclostomus. 

3.   Peronella  mirabilis.  6  to  9.  Parapygus  antillarum. 

10  to  12.   Echinolampas  antillarum. 


1  to  3.    Echinolampas  semiorbis.  4,  5.    K.  ovumserpentis.  6,  7.   K.  clevei. 


1,  2.    Echinolampas  clevei.  3  to  6.   E.  lycopersicus.  7  to  9.   K.  anguilla\ 


PLATE  12 


1.   Cardiaster  cubensis.      5  to  7.  A.  clevei.  10.   Hemiaster  berkey 

to  4.  Agassizia  inflata.  8,  9.   Prenaster  loveni. 


PLATE  13 


1  to  3.   Parasterantillarum.     6  to  9.  P.  loveni.  11.  Periaster elongatus. 

4  to  5.   P.  clevei.  10.   F.  subcvlindricus. 


1,  2.  Paraster  subcylindricus. 

3,  4.   Brissopsis  antillarum. 


5.   Plagiobrissus  loveni. 
6,  7.   Mucropneustes  clevei. 


1.   Macropneustes  antillarum.  2  to  4.  Brissus  exiguus. 

5,  6.   Eupatagus  grandiflorus. 


PLATE 


1.2.   Eupatagus  clevei. 
3  to  6.   E.  antillarum. 


7.  E.  depressus. 

8.  E.  elegans. 


JACKSON 


r  f  :*?£    »  c  -   «       •-    4       t 

!.     U«;r 


1,2.   Eupatiigus  vaughani. 


STRATIGRAPHIC  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  SPECIES 
OF  WEST  INDIAN  FOSSIL  ECHINI. 


By  THOMAS  WAYLAND  VAUGHAN, 

Geologist  in  charge  of  Coastal  Plain  Investigations 
and  West  Indian  Geological  Surveys,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 


105 


STRATIGRAPHIC  SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  SPECIES 
OF  WEST  INDIAN  FOSSIL  ECHINI. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  order  that  the  geologist  who  is  particularly  concerned  with 
problems  in  stratigraphic  geology  may  easily  utilize  the  results  of  the 
detailed  study  of  Doctor  Jackson,  it  seems  desirable  to  have  in  suc- 
cinct form  what  is  definitely  known  of  the  stratigraphic  occurrence 
of  the  species  of  echinoids  described  in  his  paper. 

The  present  status  of  the  correlation  of  the  West  Indian  Tertiary  for- 
mations is  indicated  in  the  accompanying  correlation  table1  (p.  109), 
taken,  with  slight  modifications,  from  a  report  issued  in  December,  1921. 
The  Dominican  Republic  exhibits  the  most  comprehensive  succession  of 
Tertiary  strata  at  present  known  in  the  West  Indies,  and  the  section 
there  exposed  may  appropriately  be  used  as  a  reference  section  for 
that  region.  It  may  also  be  stated  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  error 
in  the  stratigraphic  succession  of  the  Dominican  formations  as  indi- 
cated in  the  accompanying  table. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  wish  to  examine  the  recent  litera- 
ture on  the  correlation  of  West  Indian  and  Central  American  Tertiary 
formations  and  who  may  wish  to  know  what  other  organisms  are 
associated  with  the  echinoids  described  by  Doctor  Jackson,  a  list  of 
recent  publications  is  here  given : 

Recent  Papers  on  Geologic  Correlation  of  West  Indian  Tertiary  Deposits. 

COOKE,  C.  WYTHE.     Stratigraphic  significance  of  Orthaulax  (abstract):   Geol.  Soc.  Amer. 

Bull.,  vol.  31,  p.  206,  1920. 
.     Geologic  reconnaissance  in  Santo  Domingo  (abstract):  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  Bull., 

vol.  31,  pp.  217-219,  1920.     Correlation  table  on  p.  219. 
.  *0rthaulax,  a  Tertiary  guide  fossil:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Prof.  Paper  129,  pp.  23-37, 

pis.  2-5,  1921. 
.     Stratigraphic  and  structural  geology  and  geologic  history:    Dom.  Rep.  Geol. 

Survey,  Mem.,  vol.  1,  chap.  4,  pp.,  50-82,  pis.  8-13,  1921. 
HUBBARD,  BELA.     The  Tertiary  formations  of  Porto  Rico:  Science,  n.s.,  vol.  51,  pp.  395, 

396,  1920. 
MAURY,  CARLOTTA  J.     On  the  correlation  of  Porto  Rican  Tertiary  formations  with  other 

Antillean   and   mainland   horizons:  Amer.   Jour.   Sci.:  ser.  4,   vol.  48,   pp.  209, 

215,  1919. 
.* Tertiary  Mollusca  from  Porto  Rico:  New  York  Acad.  Sci.:  Scientific  Survey  of 

Porto  Rico  and  the  Virgin  Islands,  vol.  3,  pt.  1,  pp.  1-77,  9  pis.,  1920. 
VAUGHAN,  THOMAS  WAYLAND.     Correlation  of  the  Tertiary  geologic  formations  of  the 

southeastern  United  States,  Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies:  Wash.  Acad. 

Sci.  Jour.,  vol.  8,  pp.  268-276,  1918. 
.    Geologic  history  of  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies  during  Cenozoic  time. 

Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  Bull.,  vol.  29,  pp.  615-630,  1919. 

1  T.  W.  Vaughan,  C.  Wythe  Cooke,  D.  D.  Condit,  C.  P.  Ross,  W.  P.  Woodring,  and 
F.  C.  Calkins,  A  geological  reconnaissance  of  the  Dominican  Republic:  Dominican  Repub.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  Memoirs,  vol.  1,  268  pp.,  23  pis.,  1921. 

*The  three  papers  marked  with  asterisks  in  this  list  contain  systematic  descriptions  of  fossils, 
but  their  titles  are  not  repeated  in  the  next  list. 

107 


108  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

VAUGHAN,  THOMAS  WAYLAND.     *  Fossil  corals  from  Central  America,  Cuba,  and  Porto 

Rico,  with  an  account  of  the  American  Tertiary,  Pleistocene,  and  Recent   corai 

reefs':  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  103,  pp.  189-524,  i-xiv,  pis.  68-152,  1919. 
,    The  biologic  character  and  geologic  correlation  of  the  sedimentary  formations  of 

Panama  in  their  relation  to  the  geologic  history  of  Central  America  and  the  West 

Indies:     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  103,  pp.  547-612,  1919. 
.    Stratigraphy  of  the 'Virgin  Islands  of  the  United  States  and  of  Culebra  and 

Vieques  Islands  (abstract):  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  Bull.,  vol.  31,  pp.  216-217,  1920. 
,  and  WENDELL  P.  WOODRING.   Tertiary  and  Quaternary  stratigraphic  paleontology 

(of  the  Dominican  Republic):    Dom.  Repub.  Geol.  Sur.,  Mem.,  vol.  1,  chap,  v, 

pp.  89-168,  1921. 

Recent  Papers  on  West  Indian  Paltzontology. 

BERRY,  E.  W.    Tertiary  fossil  plants  from  the  Dominican  Republic:    Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.,  vol.  59,  pp.  117-127,  pi.  21,  1921. 
CANU,  F.,  and  R.  S.  BASSLER.     Fossil  Bryozoa  from  the  West  Indies:    Carnegie  Inst. 

Wash.  Pub.  No.  291,  pp.  73-102,  7  pis.,  1919. 
COOKE    C.  WYTHE.     Tertiary  Mollusca  from  the  Leeward  Islands  and  Cuba:    Carnegie 

Inst.  Wash.  Pub.  No.  291,  pp.  103-156,  16  pis.,  1919. 
CUSHMAN,  JOSEPH  A.     Fossil  Foraminifera  from  the  West  Indies:   Carnegie  Inst.  Wash. 

Pub.  No.  291,  pp.  21-71,  15  pis.,  1919. 
.     The  American  species  of  Orthophragmina  and  Lepidocyclina:  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur. 

Prof.  Paper  125,  pp.  39-108,  pis.  7-35,  1920. 
.     American  species  of  Operculina  and  Heterostigina  and  their  faunal  relations: 

U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Prof.  Paper  128,  pp.  125-137,  pis.  18-21,   1921. 
HOWE,  MARSHALL  A.     Tertiary  calcareous  algae  from  the  islands  of  Saint  Bartholomew, 

Antigua,  and  Anguilla:   Carnegie  Inst.  Wash.  Pub.  291,  pp.  9-19,  6  pis.,  1919. 
HUBBARD,  BELA.    Tertiary  Mollusca  from  the  Lares  District,  Porto  Rico:  New  York  Acad. 

Sci.,  Scientific  Survey  of  Porto  Rico  and  the  Virgin  Islands,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  pp.  79- 

164,  pis.  10-25,  1920. 
MAURY,  CARLOTTA  J.     Santo  Domingo  type  sections  and  fossils:  Amer.  Pal.  Bull.,  vol.  5, 

pp.  165-459,  pis.  29-67,  1917. 
RATHBUN,  MARY  J.     West  Indian  Tertiary  Decapod  Crustacea:    Carnegie  Inst.  Wash. 

Pub.  No.  291,  pp.  157-184,  9  pis.,  1919. 
.     Additions  to  West  Indian  Tertiary  Decapod  Crustaceans:  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Proc., 

vol.  58,  pp.  381-384,  pi.  25,  1920. 

Before  beginning  the  detailed  discussion  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the 
West  Indian  echinoid  faunas,  it  is  appropriate  to  call  attention  to  the 
fact  that  this  paper  by  Doctor  Jackson,  in  connection  with  other 
papers,  makes  our  knowledge  of  North  American,  Central  American, 
and  West  Indian  Mesozoic  and  Tertiary  echinoids  as  complete  as  pres- 
ent available  collections  permit.  The  other  papers  are  listed  below : 

BOSE,  EMILIO.  Sobre  algunas  faunas  Tertiarias  de  Mexico:  Inst.  Geol.  de  Mexico,  Bol.  No. 22, 
97  pp.,  12  pis.,  1906. 

.  Monograffa  geo!6gica  y  paleontol6glca  del  Cerro  Muleros:  Inst.  Geol.  de  Mexico, 

Bol.  No.  25,  vi+193  pp.,  2  maps,  48  pis.,  1910. 

CLARK,  W.  B.,  and  M.  W.  TWITCHELL.  The  Mesozoic  and  Cenozoic  Echinodermata  of  the 
United  States:  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Mon.,  vol.  54,  341  pp.,  108  pis.,  1915. 

JACKSON,  R.  T.  Fossil  Echini  of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  and  Costa  Rica:  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  Bull.  103,  pp.  103-116,  I,  pis.  46-52,  1918. 

KEW,  W.  S.  W.  Description  of  species  [of  fossil  echinoids]  in  "The  fauna  of  a  medial  Tertiary 
formation  and  the  associated  horizons  of  northeastern  Mexico,"  by  Roy  E.  Dicker- 
son  and  W.  S.  W.  Kew:  Calif.  Acad.  Sci.  Proc.,  ser.  4,  vol.  7,  pp.  132-156,  pis. 

.    Cretaceous  and  Cenozoic  Echinoidea  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  North  America: 
Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  in  Geol.,  vol.  12,  pp.  23-236,  pis.  3-42,  5  text-figs.,  1920. 


STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF  THE   SPECIES.  109 

Tentative  correlation  table  of  the  Tertiary  sedimentary  formations  of  the  Dominican  Republic 


American 
time  sub- 
divisions. 

Dominican  Republic. 

Localities  of  some  other 
American  equivalents. 

European 
time  sub- 
divisions. 

North  Side. 

South  Side. 

w 

w 
y 

Las  Matas 

Panama,    Jamaica,    Cuba,    and 

Sicilian. 

o 

formation. 

Costa  Rica. 

Astian. 

jj 

Plaisancian. 

Not  known  elsewhere  in  West 

1 

Cerros  de  Sal 
formation. 

Indies. 
Yorktown   and    Duplin   forma- 
tions of  Virginia  and   North 

Pontian. 
Sarmatian. 
Tortonian. 

Carolina. 

Mao  clay. 

La  Cruz  marl  of  Cuba;   Bowden 

marl  of  Jamaica;    upper  part 

w 

"0 

Mao  adentro  limestone. 

of  Gatun  formation,  Panama 

w 

8 

12 

Gurabo  formation. 
a      (Sconsia  kevigata  zone.) 

and     Porto    Rico;     Calvert, 
Choptank,  and  St.  Marys  for- 
mations   of    Maryland     and 

Helvetian. 

i 

0 

Yaque  group. 

Virginia. 

0 

$ 
§"     Cercado  formation. 

(Not  yet  divided 
into  formations.) 

Middle  part  of  Gatun  formation. 
Panama  and  Porto  Rico;  Shoal 

c8 

>*    (Aphera  islacolonis  zone.) 

River  marl  and   Oak   Grove 

g 

sand  of  Florida. 

1-1 

Baitoa  formation  and 
Bulla  conglomerate. 

Lower  part  of  Gatun  formation, 
Panama;       Chipola    marl    of 

Burdigalian. 

Florida;    eastern  Porto  Rico; 

St.  Croix? 

w 

i 

Cevicos  limestone. 

East  of  Bani  and 
elsewhere. 

Anguilla;  St.  Croix;  Porto  Rico; 
Cuba;  Panama;  Tampa,  Flor- 

Aquitanian. 
Chattian. 

2 

ida. 

w 
y 

•3 

Antigua;  St.  Croix;  Porto  Rico; 

o 

J2 

Cuba;    Bainbridge,    Georgia; 

Rupelian. 

K? 

eastern  Mexico;  Panama,  etc. 

13 

Tabera  formation.1 

Near  Tubano. 

0 

£ 

Vicksburg  group  of  Mississippi, 

3 

Alabama,  Florida,  and  Geor- 

Lattorfian. 

gia. 

San  Fernando  formation  of  Trin- 

idad; St.  Bartholomew  lime- 

w 

Limestone    in 

stone;  Plaisance  limestone  of 

w 

8. 

D 

Limestone  at  Damajagua 
and  elsewhere. 

Sierra  de  Neiba. 
Sierra  de 
Bahoruco,  and 

Republic  of  Haiti;  represented 
at  many  places  in  Cuba;  Cam- 
bridge and  Richmond  forma- 

Ludian. 

Bartonian. 

w 

elsewhere. 

tions  of  Jamaica;  Ocala  lime- 

stone of  Florida;  Jackson  for- 

mation of  Mississippi,  etc. 

1  May  include  lower  Oligocene. 


The  monograph  by  Clark  and  Twitchell  now  needs  revision  in  some 
particulars,  for  instance,  in  the  stratigraphic  references  of  upper  Eocene 


110 


FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 


and  lower  Oligocene  species.  At  the  time  the  manuscript  for  their 
monograph  was  prepared,  the  Ocala  limestone  was  supposed  to  be  of 
Oligocene  age.  Later  C.  W.  Cooke  showed  that  its  horizon  is  upper 
Eocene.1  Doctor  Cooke  has  for  several  years  been  studying  the 
stratigraphy  and  the  faunas  of  the  upper  Eocene  and  lower  Oligocene 
formations  of  the  southern  and  southeastern  United  States,  and  intends 
in  a  future  paper  to  present  a  complete  account  of  the  stratigraphic 
distribution  of  the  echinoids  found  in  these  deposits.  He  has  already 
published  some  information  on  this  subject  in  the  paper  cited  below.2 
Notwithstanding  Kew's  careful  descriptions  and  good  figures  of  the 
Tertiary  echinoids  from  northeastern  Mexico,  knowledge  of  them  is 
deficient,  mostly  because  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  data  on  their 
stratigraphic  relations.  Recently  I  have  had  an  opportunity  to  review 
in  the  field  the  stratigraphy  of  the  Tertiary  formations  in  eastern 
Mexico  and  large  collections  of  echinoids  have  come  into  my  hands. 
Therefore  it  is  hoped  that  before  a  great  while  an  adequate  account 
of  the  echinoids  from  this  region,  accompanied  by  proper  stratigraphic 
data,  may  be  made  available  to  stratigraphers  and  palaeontologists. 


CRETACEOUS  SPECIES. 

List  of  species  of  West  Indian  Cretaceous  Echinoids. 


Names  of  species. 

Localities. 

Codiopsis  arnaudi  Cotteau  
Salenia  scutigera  (Munster)  .... 
Phymosoma  cubense  (Egozcue)  . 
Conulus  antillensis  (Cotteau)  .  .  . 
Lanieria  lanieri  (Cotteau)  
Discoidea  decorata  Desor  
Cardiaster  cubensis  Jackson  .... 
Hemiaster  berkeyi  Jackson  

Santa  Lucia,  Cuba. 
Do. 
Cienfuegos,  Cuba. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Valley  of  Rio  Yateras,  Cuba. 
Guanica,  Porto  Rico. 

All  of  the  species  above  listed,  except  Hemiaster  berkeyi,  described  as 
new  by  Doctor  Jackson,  are  known  only  from  Cuba.  With  reference 
to  the  Cuban  specimens,  it  is  regrettable  that  the  precise  stratigraphic 
relations  under  which  they  occur  are  not  known.  Some  specimens  from 
Santa  Lucfa  are  referred  by  Cotteau  and  Egozcue  to  the  Cretaceous 
and  others  from  the  same  locality  are  referred  to  the  Eocene.  Speci- 
mens from  Cienfuegos  are  referred  to  the  Cretaceous,  Eocene,  and 
Miocene.  Additional  collections  made  according  to  the  stratigraphic 
position  of  the  specimens  are  not  available,  but  it  seems  probable  that 
the  eight  species  here  considered  are  of  Cretaceous  age. 

1  Cooke.  C.  W.,  Age  of  the  Ocala  limestone:   U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Prof.  Paper  95,  pp.  107-117, 1915. 

*  Cooke.  C.  W.,  The  stratigraphic  position  and  faunal  associates  of  the  orbitoid  Foraminifera 
of  the  genus  Orthophragmina  from  Georgia  and  Florida:  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Prof.  Paper  108, 
pp.  109-113,  1917. 


STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE   SPECIES. 

EOCENE  SPECIES. 

List  of  species  of  West  Indian  Eocene  Echinoids. 


Ill 


Name  of  species. 

Locality  and  formation. 

Notes. 

PCidaris   foveata  Jackson  

Jamaica,  (?)  Cambridge  formation. 

loveni  Cotteau  

St.  Bartholomew. 

?  Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau  .  .  . 

Cienfuegos,  Cuba.  .  .  . 

Miocene,  Ourabo 

formation,  Do- 

minican      Re- 

public. 

Sismondia  antillarum  Cotteau 

St.  Bartholomew. 

Peronella  mirabilis  Jackson 

Trinidad,  San  Fernando  formation. 

?Amblypygus  americanus  Desor  

Jamaica. 

Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau)  .... 

St.  Bartholomew;  Santa  Lucia,  Cuba. 

parallelus  (Cotteau)  .... 

Santa  Lucia.  Cuba. 

Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau..  . 

St.  Bartholomew. 

ovumserpentis  Guppy 

St.    Bartholomew;   Magazique  and 

Matanzas,    Cuba;    Jamaica, 

(?)  Cambridge  formation;  Trini- 

dad, San  Fernando  formation. 

clevei  Cotteau  

St.  Bartholomew;  Matanzas.  Cuba. 

castroi  Cotteau  

Matanzas,  Cuba  (fide  Cotteau). 

?  Asterostoma  excentricum  (Lamarck) 

(?)  Cuba. 

cubense  Cotteau  

St.  Bartholomew;  Matanzas,  Cuba. 

Pseudasterostoma  jimenoi  (Cotteau) 

Matanzas,  Cuba. 

Agassizia  inflata  Jackson  

St.  Bartholomew. 

Prenaster  loveni  Cotteau  

St.  Bartholomew. 

?  Hemiaster  antillensis  Cotteau  

Santa  Lucia  and  Concepcion,  Cuba. 

dewalquei  Cotteau  

Cienfuegos,  Cuba. 

Paraster  antillarum  (Cotteau)  

St.  Bartholomew. 

Paraster  subcylindricus  (Cotteau)..  . 

St.  Bartholomew. 

?  Paraster  sp.  a  

Jamaica,  (?)  Cambridge  formation. 

Paraster  sp.  b  

Trinidad,  San  Fernando  formation. 

Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau  

St.  Bartholomew. 

Plagiobrissus  loveni  (Cotteau)  

St.  Bartholomew. 

Macropneustes  antillarum  (Cotteau) 

St.  Bartholomew,  Cuba. 

Eupatagus  grandiflorus  (Cotteau)..  . 

St.  Bartholomew. 

?                   sp.  a  

Jamaica,  (?)  Cambridge  formation. 

clevei  (Cotteau)  

St.  Bartholomew. 

antillarum  (Cotteau)  .... 

St.  Bartholomew. 

cubensis  (Cotteau)  

Cuba. 

sp.  b  

St.  Bartholomew. 

?  Breynia  cubensis  Cotteau  

Matanzas,  Cuba. 

In  the  foregoing  list  an  interrogation  mark  (?)  before  the  name  of  a 
species  means  that  the  Eocene  age  of  the  species  is  questionable.  Of 
the  33  species  listed,  10  are  questioned  and  2  of  the  unquestioned  species 
are  not  specifically  identified,  leaving  21.  The  undoubtedly  Eocene 
species  are  those  from  the  St.  Bartholomew  limestone,  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, and  the  San  Fernando  formation,  Trinidad.  At  present  only 
species  from  these  two  formations  may  be  used  with  assurance  of 
correctness  in  the  identification  of  Eocene  deposits,  by  means  of 
echinoids,  in  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America.  Eocene  echinoids 
have  been  found  in  Cuba  and  Jamaica,  but  their  stratigraphic  rela- 
tions are  so  imperfectly  known  that  they  can  not  be  safely  used  for 
correlation  purposes. 


112 


FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 


It  is  worthy  of  note  that  every  undoubtedly  Eocene  species  in  the 
West  Indies  is  confined  to  the  Eocene.  These  species,  therefore, 
according  to  present  information,  are  excellent  indicators  of  strati- 
graphic  position. 

OLIGOCENE. 

The  Oligocene  in  the  West  Indies  comprises  two  horizons,  which  are 
typified  by  the  Antiguan  middle  Oligocene  and  the  Anguillan  upper 
Oligocene.1  The  Anguillan  horizon  would  be  referred  to  the  Miocene 
by  many  stratigraphers,  because  it  and  equivalent  horizons  are 
correlated  with  the  European  Aquitanian. 

MIDDLE  OLIGOCENE. 

List  of  species  from  the  West  Indian  middle  (Antiguan)  Oligocene. 


Names  of  species. 

Localities. 

Notes. 

Cidaris  peloria  Jackson  

Porto  Rico,  Collazo  shale  and  base 
of  "Arecibo*  formation. 
Antigua.  ... 

AlsoAnguilla  for- 
mation. 

Also  Anguilla  for- 
mation and  its 
equivalents. 
Emperador  lime- 
stone, Panama; 
?  La  Cruz  marl, 
Cuba. 
Anguilla    forma- 
tion. 
Santa  Clara  Prov- 
ince, Cuba. 

Also  Guantanamo 
and  Matanzas, 
Cuba;  Jamaica. 

Also  Guadeloupe 
and      Havana, 
Cuba. 

Anguilla     forma- 
tion    and     its 
equivalents. 
Anguilla     forma- 
tion; Jique  de 
la  Argolla,  Cu- 
ba; Bissex  Hill 
formation,  Bar- 
bados. 
Also  Anguilla. 

Sismondia  anguillae  Cotteau  

?  Anomalanthus  gregoryi  Lambert  .  . 
Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau 

Antigua. 
Antigua. 

lanceolat  us  Cotteau  

antillarum  Cotteau  
planipetalus  Cotteau  .... 

cryptope  talus  Jackson.  .  . 
cotteaui  Egozcue  .  . 

Antigua  

Antigua. 

Antigua. 
Antigua  (fide  Lambert)  

Antigua. 
Antigua  

batheri  Lambert  
parvus  Michelin  

oxybaphon  Jackson  
Echinarachnius  sebastiani  Jackson.  . 
Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy  .  . 

anguillae  Cotteau  

Paraster  clevei  (Cotteau)  
Eupatagus  vaughani  Jackson  
elegans  Jackson  
depressus  Jackson  

Antigua;    Guanica    limestone    and 
Juana  Diaz  shales,  Porto  Rico. 
Porto  Rico,  Collazo,  and  San  Sebas- 
tian shales. 
Antigua  (fide  Lambert)  

Antigua'  (fide  Lambert). 

Antigua  

Antigua. 
Porto  Rico,  Juana  Diaz  shale. 
Porto    Rico,    2    km.    southwest    of 
Juana  Diaz. 

"For  discussion,  see  T.  W.  Vaughan.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  103,  pp.  198-212,  582-586,  1919. 

STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE   SPECIES.  113 

The  names  of  19  species,  15  of  which  are  reported  from  Antigua, 
occur  in  the  foregoing  list.  Records  of  three  species  are  from  Lambert. 
The  names  of  two  species  are  preceded  by  queries,  indicating  that 
their  occurrence  in  the  Antigua  formation  is  doubtful.  The  strati- 
graphic  position  of  Eupatagus  depressus  Jackson,  one  of  the  questioned 
species,  is  not  known,  but  it  is  probably  the  Juana  Diaz  shale;  7  of 
the  17  unquestioned  species  range  upward  to  the  younger  Anguillan 
horizon  or  its  equivalent,  the  Emperador  limestone  of  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone.  It  is  probable  that  Clypeaster  cotteaui,  which  is  also 
found  at  Guantanamo  and  Matanzas,  Cuba,  and  Jamaica,  and  Cly- 
peaster parvus,  also  found  at  Havana,  Cuba,  range  upward  to  the 
Anguillan  horizon.  If  correct,  9  of  the  Antiguan  species  are  also  found 
at  the  Anguillan  horizon,  and  only  8  seem  to  be  confined  to  the  Anti- 
guan horizon.  The  echinoids  of  the  two  horizons  appear  more  similar 
than  do  the  members  of  other  groups  of  organisms.1  It  is  possible  that 
some  of  the  echinoids  reported  on  by  Lambert  came  from  a  horizon  in 
Antigua  higher  than  the  Antigua  formation. 

Clypeaster  lanceolatus  Cotteau,  doubtfully  present  in  the  Miocene 
La  Cruz  marl  at  Santiago,  Cuba,  is  discussed  on  page  116. 


UPPER  OLIGOCENE. 

The  names  of  21  species  occur  in  the  following  list,  two  of  which  may 
not  occur  at  this  horizon,  as  is  indicated  by  queries.  As  the  type 
locality  of  this  division  of  the  Oligocene  is  the  Anguilla  formation, 
island  of  Anguilla,  the  species  from  that  formation  must  be  the  basis 
of  correlation  with  other  localities.  The  number  of  species  from  the 
Anguilla  formation  is  17,  and  another  species,  Clypeaster  lanceolatus, 
occurs  in  its  stratigraphically  equivalent  formation,  the  Emperador 
limestone,  in  the  Panama  Canal  Zone.  Because  of  identity  of  other 
echinoid  species  found  in  Havana  with  Anguillan  species,  it  seems 
probable  that  Clypeaster  platygaster  Jackson  also  belongs  at  this 
horizon,  but  it  will  be  left  out  of  further  consideration.  Of  the  18 
species  that  may  safely  be  considered  as  occurring  at  the  horizon  of 
the  Anguilla  formation,  7  are  also  reported  from  the  Antigua  formation ; 
1  also  occurs  and  another  species  may  occur  in  the  Miocene  of  Trinidad, 
and  2  others  may  range  upward  into  the  Miocene  proper.  After 
deducting  the  species  also  found  in  the  Antigua  formation  and  those 
that  may  also  be  of  Miocene  age,  there  are  left  only  7  species  from  the 
Anguillan  horizon,  and  it  is  mostly  on  these  that  correlation  by  means 
of  echinoids  with  that  horizon  must  be  based. 

1  See  p.  108  for  references  to  papers  on  other  fossils. 


114  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

List  of  species  from  the  West  Indian  upper  (Anguillan)  Oligocene. 


Names  of  species. 

Localities. 

Notes. 

Cidaris  anguillae  Cotteau  
clevei  Cotteau  

Anguilla. 
Anguilla. 
Anguilla  

Also    Miocene, 

Anguilla                  

Trinidad;    Gu- 
rabo  formation, 
Dominican  Re- 
public. 
Also   Santiago, 

Sismondia  anguillae  Cotteau  
Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau  

Anguilla  

Anguilla;  Cevicos  limestone,    Do- 
minican Republic. 

Cuba;1    Guani- 
ca  Harbor,  Por- 
to Rico. 
Also  Antigua  for- 
mation. 
Also  Antigua  for- 
mation; "Areci- 
bo"   formation, 
Porto  Rico;  Cu- 
ba.' 
Cuba.1 

lanceolatus  Cotteau  .... 

Emperador  limestone,  Panama.  .  .  . 

Also  Antigua  for- 
mation; Cuba.1 
Also  Antigua  for- 

mation; Cuba.1 
Also  Cuba.1 

Anguilla  

Also  Cuba.1 

Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy  .  .  . 

Anguilla;     Emperador    limestone, 
Panama. 

Also  Cuba.1 
Also  Antigua  for- 

mation     (fide 
Lambert);  Co- 
llazo  shale,  Por- 
to Rico;  Cuba. 
Also  Antigua  (fide 

Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau  

Anguilla. 
Anguilla.             .                    

Lambert);  Cu- 
ba;1 Bissex  Hill 
formation,  Bar- 
bados. 

Also  Cuba.1 

clevei  (Cotteau) 

Also  Antigua  for- 

mation. 
Also  Porto  Rico. 

Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau)  .  .  . 
Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau  

Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau  

Anguilla. 
Anguilla;    Cevicos  limestone.  Do 
minican  Republic. 
Anguilla  

Also   ?  Miocene, 

Trinidad. 

1  For  special  discussion  of  Cuban  post-Eocene  Tertiary  echinoids,  see  following  pages. 


POST-EOCENE  TERTIARY  ECHINOIDS  OF  CUBA. 

The  probable  geologic  age  of  the  post-Eocene  echinoid-bearing 
beds  of  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  Barbados  needs  more  detailed  dis- 
cussion. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  the  post-Eocene  Tertiary  echinoids  of 
Cuba,  with  the  localities  from  which  they  are  reported : 


STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE   SPECIES. 


115 


Table  of  post-Eocene  Tertiary  Echinoids  from  Cuba. 


Names  of  species. 

Province 
of  Pinar 
del  Rio. 

Prov- 
nce    of 
Ha- 
vana. 

Province 
of 
Matanzas. 

Province   of 
Santa  Clara. 

Province 
of 
Oriente. 

Occurring 
elsewhere. 

Consolaci6n 
del  Sur. 

Candelaria. 

Guajay. 

Havana. 

Calabazar. 

Bellamar. 

i 

1 

c 
« 

1 

Ingenio 
San  Lino. 

=  0 

-    ^ 

"0. 
"J 

Cienfuegos. 

No  definite 
locality. 

Santiago 
de  Cuba. 

2.     _; 

jl 

Monte  Toro. 

Antigua. 

Anguilla. 

Miocene. 

Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck)  .... 
Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau  .  .  . 
Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau  
Clypeaster  rosaceus  (Linne)  
concavus  Cotteau  
cubensis  Cotteau  
parrae  Cotteau  
lanceolatus  Cotteau  .  .  . 
antillarum  Cotteaui  
planipetalus  Cotteau 

X 

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

x 

x 

cotteaui  Egozcue  
parvus  Michelin  

x 

X 

X 

V 

V 

placentoides  Jackson  .  . 
platygaster  Jackson}.  .  . 
Laganum  elongatum  Egozcue  

X 

X 

x 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske  .  . 
Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy  .  . 
lycopersicus  Gu  ppy 
anguillae  Cotteau  .  . 
Hemiaster  cubensis  (d'Orbigny)  .  . 
Paraster  parkinsoni  (Defrance)  .  . 
Schizaster  scillae  Agassiz  

x 

... 

X 

x 

V 

x 

X 

Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau).. 

The  probable  age  of  each  of  the  echinoid-bearing  localities  in  Cuba 
will  now  be  briefly  reviewed. 

Consolation  del  Sur:  The  one  species  of  echinoid,  Clypeaster  antil- 
larum, found  at  this  locality  occurs  both  in  Antigua  and  Anguilla, 
but  the  mollusks  are  more  similar  to  those  of  Anguilla  than  to  those 
of  Antigua.1  This  locality,  therefore,  is  probably  of  Anguillan  age. 

Candelaria:  Echinolampas  lycopersicus  is  common  in  Anguilla  but 
very  rare  in  Antigua,  and  it  is  not  certain  that  the  specimen  from 
Antigua  came  from  the  Antigua  formation.  The  probability  is  that 
this  locality  is  also  at  the  Anguillan  horizon. 

Guajay:  Although  Clypeaster  antillarum  found  at  this  locality 
occurs  both  at  the  Antiguan  and  Anguillan  horizons,  the  presence 
there  of  Ostrea  haitiensis1  indicates  a  horizon  higher  than  the  Antiguan. 

Havana:  In  and  around  Havana  are  geological  formations  of  several 
different  ages;  there  are  certainly  deposits  of  Pleistocene,  Miocene, 
and  Oligocene  age,  and  perhaps  deposits  of  older  age.  It  is,  there- 
fore, highly  important  to  know  the  stratigraphic  relations  of  beds 

»  Cooke,  C.  W.(  Carnegie  Inst.  Wash.  Pub.  No.  291,  p.  109.  1919. 


116  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

from  which  collections  of  fossils  were  made,  but  stratigraphic  data 
are  lacking  in  most  instances.  Two  species,  Clypeaster  lanceolatus 
and  C.  platygaster,  were  collected  by  Dr.  Barnum  Brown  "not  far  from 
the  University  buildings";  C.  concavus  is  also  found  in  Havana. 
The  beds  from  which  these  specimens  come  are  at  either  the  Antiguan 
or  Anguillan  horizon,  with  the  probability  rather  in  favor  of  the  latter. 
Clypeaster  parvus,  reported  from  Havana  by  Cotteau,  is  recorded  by 
Lambert  from  Antigua,  where  he  says  it  is  mixed  with  Clypeaster 
lanceolatus  and  Echinolampas  lycopersicus. 

Calabazar:  Encope  cm  from  this  locality  is  said  by  de  Cortazar  to 
come  from  upper  Miocene  deposits.  The  species  probably  belongs 
stratigraphically  above  the  Anguillan  horizon. 

Bellamar:  This  locality  is  probably  Pleistocene,  but  it  might  be 
Pliocene. 

Matanzas:  In  the  vicinity  of  Matanzas  are  deposits  of  Pleistocene, 
Miocene,  Oligocene,  and  Eocene  age.  Clypeaster  lanceolatus,  C. 
cotteaui,  and  Paraster  parkinsoni  indicate  an  Oligocene  horizon,  either 
Antiguan  or  Anguillan,  or  both.  Clypeaster  cubensis  and  Laganum 
elongatum  may  be  Miocene,  but  new  collections  with  reference  to 
the  stratigraphic  relations  are  needed  to  determine  this. 

San  Martin:  This  locality  seems  to  be  definitely  Anguillan  Oligocene, 

Ingenios  San  Lino  and  San  Marcos:  These  two  localities  are  Oligo- 
cene, but  what  horizon  they  represent  is  not  determinable  from  the 
two  species  of  echinoids,  Clypeaster  concavus  and  C.  planipetalusr 
found  at  them. 

Cienfuegos:  Near  this  place  are  strata  ranging  in  age  from  Cretaceous 
to  Miocene.  Without  data  on  stratigraphic  relations  precise  correla- 
tion is  not  possible,  but  the  occurrence  near  Cienfuegos  of  Clypeaster 
concavus  and  Brissopsis  jimenoi  show  that  Oligocene  strata,  probably 
the  Anguillan  horizon,  are  present  there.  Echinopedina  cubensis, 
doubtfully  referred  by  Cotteau  to  the  Eocene  at  Cienfuegos,  may  be 
a  Miocene  species,  as  Doctor  Jackson  has  identified  it  in  collections 
from  the  Gurabo  formation,  Dominican  Republic. 

Santa  Clara  Province,  no  definite  locality:  Clypeaster  concavus  is 
known  from  both  the  Antiguan  and  the  Anguillan  Oligocene. 

Santiago  de  Cuba:  Specimens  of  three  species  collected  by  Lieut. 
Fred  P.  Black,  U.  S.  N.,  are  not  accompanied  by  stratigraphic  data. 
Of  these  species,  Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck),  Echinometra  prisca, 
and  Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske  occur  at  the  Anguillan  horizon. 
Cidaris  tribuloides  and  Echinoneus  cyclostomus  are  still  living  in  the 
West  Indies.  Although  these  species  may  come  from  the  Miocene 
La  Cruz  marl,  their  stratigraphic  relations  are  doubtful,  because 
more  ancient  deposits  are  present  in  the  vicinity  of  Santiago.  Echino- 
lampas lycopersicus  was  obtained  by  de  la  Torre  near  Santiago  in 
beds  of  Oligocene  age. 


STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE   SPECIES.  117 

Jique  de  la  Ar gotta:  Three  species  of  echinoids  collected  at  this 
locality  indicate  a  deposit  of  Oligocene  age,  but  the  evidence  is  in- 
sufficient to  decide  what  horizon  is  represented. 

Monte  Toro:  The  single  species,  Clypeaster  cotteaui  Egozcue,  found 
at  this  locality  indicates  Antiguan  Oligocene. 


TERTIARY  ECHINOIDS  FROM  PORTO  RICO. 

The  discussion  of  the  Porto  Rican  echinoids  will  be  introduced  by 
quoting  Dr.  Carlotta  J.  Maury's  table  of  geological  formations  in 
Porto  Rico.1  Dr.  Maury  correlated  the  middle  Oligocene  of  her  table 
with  the  Antigua  formation  and  the  upper  Oligocene  of  her  table 
with  the  Anguilla  formation. 

Table  of  Tertiary  formations  in  Porto  Rico  (after  C.  J.  Maury). 


North  Side. 

South  Side. 

MIOCENE. 

Middle. 

Subdivisions  of  the 
Arecibo  formation. 

Quebradillas  limestone  with  Bow- 
den  fauna  and  Metis  trinitaria. 

1 

OLIGOCENE. 

I 

Aguadilla  limestone  with  Orthau- 
lax  aguadittensis. 

Ponce  chalky  beds  with  Ostrea 
cahobasensis. 

Lares  limestone  with  Campanile 
(Portoricia)  laricum. 

Middle. 

San  Sebas- 
tian, Lares, 
or  Collazo 
shales. 

Rio  Collazo  shales  with  Clemen- 
tia  rabelli. 

Guanica  shaly  limestone  with 
Ostrea  antiguensis. 

On  the  following  page  is  a  table  of  the  Tertiary  echinoids  from  Porto 
Rico  described  by  Doctor  Jackson  in  his  paper. 

First,  with  regard  to  the  "Arecibo"  formation  of  Berkey,  according 
to  Berkey's  original  description  of  the  formation,2  it  seems  to  me  that 
he  intended  the  name  to  apply  to  all  deposits  between  the  Cretaceous 
and  Pleistocene  in  Porto  Rico,  and  that  he  included  in  it  the  San 
Sebastian,  Lares,  and  Collazo  shales. 

According  to  the  information  supplied  Doctor  Jackson  on  horizons 
whence  the  echinoids  came,  the  base  of  the  "Arecibo"  formation, 
the  Collazo  shale,  and  the  San  Sebastian  shale  represent  one  horizon. 
This  horizon  has  Echinolampas  lycopersicus  in  common  with  the 

1  Maury,  C.  J.,  Tertiary  Mollusca  from  Porto  Rico:  New  York  Acad.  Sci.  Scientific  Survey  of 
Porto  Rico  and  the  Virgin  Islands,  vol.  3,  part  1.  table  opposite  p.  4.  1920. 

*  Berkey,  Charles  P.,  Geological  Reconnaissance  of  Porto  Rico,  New  York  Acad.  Sci.  Ann.. 
vol.  26,  pp.  12-17,  1915. 


118 


FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 


Antiguan  and  Anguillan  horizons.  The  Guanica  shaly  limestone  and 
the  Juana  Diaz  have  Clypeaster  oxybaphon  in  common  with  the  Antigua 
formation  of  Antigua,  where  I  collected  specimens.  It  therefore  appears 
that  the  deposits  bearing  five  names  in  Porto  Rico,  viz,  San  Sebastian, 
Lares,  Collazo,  and  Juana  Diaz  shale,  and  Guanica  shaly  limestone, 
represent  essentially  the  same  horizon,  and  it  is,  as  Doctor  Maury 
indicates  in  her  table,  the  Antiguan  horizon.  The  evidence  of  the 
echinoids  on  this  problem  is  interesting  in  that  it  accords  with  the 
conclusions  based  on  studies  of  both  the  corals1  and  the  mollusks. 


Tertiary  Echinoids  front  Porto  Rico. 


o 

i 

0 

"*   aJ 

S 

J 

£    . 

Names  of  species. 

•|| 

1 

•1  g 

11 

•£  c 

II 

al 

|| 

15 

Notes. 

J" 

3 

£ 

§1 

o 

3 

1 

6    3 

Jrf  *—  1 

(N 

Cidaris  peloria  Jackson  

X 

X 

x 

Also  Gurabo  for- 

mation. 

sp.  b  

X 

Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau  

X 

Also  Anguilla. 

Clypeaster  rosaceus  (Linne)  

X 

Also     Bellamar, 
Matanzas.Cu- 

ba. 

x 

x 

Also  Antigua. 

Echinarachnius  sebastiani  Jackson 

X 

X 

Encope  latus  Jackson  

X 

Echinolampas  lycopersicus  Guppy 

X 

x 

X 

X 

Also  Antigua  and 

Anguilla. 

Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau)  

X 

Also  Anguilla. 

x 

x 

There  are  no  echinoids  definitely  referred  to  the  Lares,  Aguadilla, 
and  Quebradillas  limestones.  The  two  species  recorded  from  the 
Ponce  limestone  indicate  that  it  is  of  Miocene,  not  Oligocene,  age. 
Recent  work  in  Haiti  has  shown  according  to  Dr.  W.  P.  Woodring 
(oral  statement)  that  Ostrea  cahobasensis  is  Miocene,  not  Oligocene, 
as  indicated  in  Doctor  Maury's  table  quoted  above. 

1  For  an  account  of  some  corals  from  the  same  horizon  and  an  earlier  similar  correlation,  see 
T.  W.  Vaughan.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  103.  pp.  203.  204.  1919.  I  first  made  this  correlation  in 
1899.  I  wish  here  to  call  attention  to  a  misrepresentation  of  my  usage  of  terms  in  my  discussions 
of  Porto  Rican  horizons.  Bela  Hubbard  in  his  "Tertiary  Mollusca  from  the  Lares  district. 
Porto  Rico."  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  Scientific  Survey  of  Porto  Rico,  et  cetera,  vol.  3.  pt.  2,  pp.  79-164. 
1920,  in  the  table  on  p.  79,  represents  me  as  having  classified  under  the  Pepino  formation  every- 
thing from  middle  Oligocene  to  his  "upper  Oligocene,"  which  is  probably  late  Miocene.  A  very 
casual  reading  of  my  use  of  the  term  "Pepino"  would  have  shown  Doctor  Hubbard  that  I  confined 
the  use  of  the  name  to  a  single  horizon,  palaeontologically  characterized  by  the  fossil  corals  I  have 
listed  in  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Bull.  103.  p.  204.  The  horizon  is  considered  middle  Oligocene.  Hill  may 
have  intended  the  term  to  have  a  more  extensive  application,  but  of  this  I  am  not  sure. 


STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE   SPECIES. 

TERTIARY  ECHINOIDS  FROM*  BARBADOS. 


119 


Two  species  of  Tertiary  echinoids  are  known  from  the  Bissex  Hill 
formation  of  Barbados,  viz,  Eupatagus  abruptus  (Gregory)  and  Echino- 
lampas  anguillce  Cotteau.1  Because  of  the  presence  of  Echinolampas 
anguillce  in  it,  the  Bissex  Hill  formation  may  be  confidently  referred 
to  the  Oligocene,  but  whether  middle  or  upper  can  not  be  decided 
from  present  evidence.  A  note  on  another  species  of  Eupatagas  from 
Barbados  appears  on  page  3. 

MIOCENE. 

List  of  species  from  the  West  Indies  Miocene. 


Names  of  species. 

Gurabo 
formation, 
Dominican 
Republic. 

La  Cruz  marl, 
Cuba. 

Miscellaneous 
localities. 

Cidaris  melitensis  Wright  

tribuloides  (Lamarck)  
Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau  .... 
Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau  

?  Clypeaster  rosaceus  (Linne)  . 

X 
X 

(?) 
•  •  -(?y  '  ' 

Also    Anguilla    formation; 
Mayo  Village,  Trinidad. 

Cienfuegos,  Cuba. 
Also    Anguilla    formation; 
Guanica   Harbor,   Porto 
Rico,  Cuba. 

caudatus  Jackson  
?  dalli  (Twitchell)  

X 

Ponce   limestone,   Porto 
Rico. 
This  may  come  from  the 
Mao  Adentro  limestone. 
Gato,  Dominican  Republic. 

?  cubensis  Cotteau  

Matanzas,  Cuba. 

?  Encope  ciae  de  Cortazar  

Calabazar,  Cuba. 

?  latus  Jackson  
Mellita  sp  

"Arecibo"  limestone,  Porto 
Rico. 
Mayo  Village  quarry,  Trin- 

Echinoneus cyclostomus  Leske  
?  Paraster  parkinsoni  (Defrance)  .  .  . 
?  Schizaster  scillae  Agassiz  
?  Brissopsis  jimenoi  Cotteau  

(?) 

idad. 
Also  Anguilla  formation. 
Matanzas,  Cuba. 
Cienfuegos,  Cuba. 
Cienfuegos,  Cuba. 
Trinidad. 

Examination  of  this  list  reveals  that  only  four  species  of  echinoids 
are  definitely  known  from  the  West  Indian  Miocene.  These  are: 

Cidaris  melitensis  Wright,  Mayo  Village,  Trinidad. 

Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau,  Gurabo  formation,  Dominican  Republic. 

Clypeaster  caudatus  Jackson,  Gurabo  formation  or  Mao  Adentro  limestone, 

Dominican  Republic. 
Mellita  sp.,  Mayo  Village,  Trinidad. 

1  R.  J.  L.  Guppy,  on  the  geology  of  Antigua  and  other  West  Indian  Islands,  with  references 
to  the  physical  history  of  the  Caribbean  region:  Geol.  Soc.  London  Quart.  Jour.,  vol.  67,  p. 
692,  1911.  I  am  indebted  to  Sir  J.  B.  Harrison  for  this  reference  to  Echinolampas  anguilla. 
which  had  escaped  my  notice. 


120  FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 

All  other  species  on  the  list  may  be  of  Miocene  age,  but  additional 
information  is  needed  before  a  definite  opinion  is  warranted. 

The  few  species  of  Miocene  echinoids  known  from  the  West  Indies  is 
rather  surprising,  because  the  number  of  species  of  Miocene  organisms 
is  probably  as  much  as  ten  times  more  than  all  of  those  from  the  Eocene 
and  Oligocene  formations  combined.  The  sediments  of  the  different 
epochs  are  different.  The  Eocene  and  Oligocene  deposits  are  largely 
calcareous  and  contain  organisms  of  reef  facies,  viz,  corals,  calcareous 
algae,  large  Foraminifera  such  as  Orthophragmina,  Lepidocyclina, 
and  Operculina,  incrusting  Bryozoa,  and  echinoids.  The  Miocene 
strata  as  a  rule  are  less  calcareous  and  more  arenaceous  or  argillaceous, 
and  are  exceedingly  rich  in  species  of  mollusca,  the  number  of  species 
of  this  group  probably  exceeding  2,000;  there  are  many  species  of 
smaller  Foraminifera  and  Bryozoa,  and  simple  corals  are  abundant. 
But  in  some  places  there  are  calcareous  Miocene  strata,  and  when 
they  are  searched  for  echinoids  they  may  yield  additions  to  the  Miocene 
echinoid  faunas. 

These  quantitative  relations  of  the  echinoids  to  the  mollusks  hold 
true  also  in  the  United  States.  Echinoids  are  most  abundant  in  the 
Ocala  limestone,  of  upper  Eocene  age,  approximately  contempora- 
neous with  the  St.  Bartholomew  limestone ;  there  are  a  few  common 
species  in  the  Oligocene  (Vicksburg  group  and  Chattahoochee  forma- 
tion) ;  but  they  are  very  rare  in  the  Miocene,  in  striking  contrast  to 
the  great  profusion  of  mollusks  in  the  Alum  Bluff  and  Choctawhatchee 
formations. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  known  Miocene  echinoids  from 
Panama  and  Costa  Rica: 

Clypeastcr  gatuni  Jackson.1     Miocene,  Gatun  formation,  station  5662,  near  Gatun  Dam 

site;  and  upper  Oligocene,  Emperador  limestone  at  station  6237,  north  of  Ancon 

Hill,  about  4  miles  south  of  Diablo  ridge. 
Encope  annectans  Jackson.1    Miocene,  Gatun  formation,  station  5846,  Spillway,  Gatun 

Dam. 
Encope  platytata  Jackson.1     Miocene,  Gatun  formation,  station  6029o,  0.25  to  0.5  mile 

from  Camp  Cotton,  toward  Monte  Lirio. 
Encope  mcgatrema  Jackson.1     Miocene,  Gatun  formation,  station  6030,  about   1.5  miles 

from  Camp  Cotton,  toward  Monte  Lirio. 
Encope  gaiunensis  Toula.*    Miocene,  Gatun  formation. 
SchizasUr  armiger  W.  B.  Clark.1     Miocene  (?),  Bonilla,  Costa  Rica. 
Schizaster  cristatus  Jackson.1     Miocene  (?),  Brazil,  Costa  Rica,  station  5505. 
Schizaster  panamensis  Jackson.1     Miocene,  Gatun  formation,  near  Gatun,  stations  6008 

and  7294. 

^Jackson.  R.  T..  Fossil  Echini  of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  and  Costa  Rica:  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
Bull.  103,  pp.  103-116,  I,  pis.  46-52,  1918. 

*TouIa.  Franz,  Die  jung-tertiare  Fauna  von  Gatun  am  Panama  Kanal:  Geolog.  Reichs- 
Anstalt,  Wien.  vol.  61,  pp.  487-530.  pis.  30-31,  1911. 


STRATIGRAPHIC   SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE   SPECIES. 


121 


Table  of  West  Indian  Echinoids  of  stratigraphic  value. 


Species. 

Creta- 
ceous. 

Eocene. 

Oligocene. 

Mio- 
cene. 

Middle. 

Upper. 

Codiopsis  arnaudi  Cotteau  
Salenia  scutigera  (Miinster)  
Phymosoma  cubense  (Egozcue)  
Conulus  antillensis  (Cotteau)  
Lanieria  lanieri  (Cotteau)  
Discoidea  decorata  Desor  
Cardiaster  cubensis  Jackson  
Hemiaster  berkeyi  Jackson  
Cidaris  loveni  Cotteau  
Sismondia  antillarum  Cotteau  
Peronella  mirabilis  Jackson  
Parapygus  antillarum  (Cotteau)  
Echinolampas  antillarum  Cotteau  
ovumserpentis  Guppy  

:  :  :  :  :  :  xxxxxxxx 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

Agassizia  inflata  Jackson  
Prenaster  loveni  Cotteau  
Paraster  antillarum  (Cotteau)  
subcylindricus  (Cotteau)  
Periaster  elongatus  Cotteau  
Plagiobrissus  loveni  (Cotteau)  
Macropneustes  antillarum  (Cotteau)  
Eupatagus  grandiflorus  (Cotteau)  

antillarum  (Cotteau)  

Cidaris  peloria  Jackson  
Sismondia  anguillae  Cotteau  
Clypeaster  concavus  Cotteau  
lanceolatus  Cotteau  
antillarum  Cotteau  
planipetalus  Cotteau  
cryptopetalus  Jackson  

x 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X  XXX 

....... 

bath    '  L  g  berT 

parvus  Michelin  

X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 

X 
X 
X 

Echinarachnius  sebastiani  Jackson  

pas  ycopersicus     uppy  

Paraster  clevei  (Cotteau)  
Eupatagus  vaughani  Jackson  
elegans  Jackson  
Cidaris  anguillae  Cotteau  
clevei  Cotteau  
melitensis  Wright   
Echinometra  prisca  Cotteau  
Echinoneus  cyclostomus  Leske  
Echinolampas  semiorbis  Guppy  
Agassizia  clevei  Cotteau  
Paraster  loveni  (Cotteau)  
Macropneustes  clevei  (Cotteau)  
Brissopsis  antillarum  Cotteau  
Brissus  exiguus  Cotteau  
Cidaris  tribuloides  (Lamarck)  
Echinopedina  cubensis  Cotteau     

X 

X 
X 
X 

122 


FOSSIL   ECHINI   OF   THE   WEST   INDIES. 


POST-MIOCENE  ECHINOIDS. 

The  following  table  gives  the  West  Indian  species  of  echinoids  that 
are  of  Pliocene  or  younger  age  and  of  unknown  geologic  age  younger 
than  Miocene: 

List  of  West  Indian  post-Miocene  Fossil  Echinoid-s. 


Horizon  and  names. 


Localities,  etc. 


Pliocene  or  younger  age: 

Clypeaster  dalli  (Twitchell) 


Echinoneus  orbicularis  Desor 

Hemiaster  cubensis  (d'Orbigny)  .  . 
Geologic  horizon  unknown: 

Clypeaster  duchassaingi  Michelin. 
ambigenus  (Lamarck) 

meridanensis  Michelin 
Brissus  brissus  (Leske) 


Gato,  Dominican  Republic.    (Also  Caloosa- 

hatchee  marl.) 
Cuba  (Recent). 
Cuba  (Pliocene  or  Recent). 

Guadeloupe  ("Formation  madreporique"). 
Guadeloupe  ("Formations  moderne  et  ma- 
dreporique"). 

Yucatan  and  Guadeloupe  (probably  Pliocene) . 
Cuba  and  Guadeloupe  (Pliocene). 


SPECIES  OF  ESTABLISHED  STRATIGRAPHIC  VALUE. 

From  preceding  tables  and  discussion,  the  table  of  species  (page  121) 
of  ascertained  stratigraphic  value  has  been  constructed. 

Eupatagus  abruptus  (Gregory)  from  the  Bissex  Hill  formation  of 
Barbados  is  an  Oligocene  species,  but  whether  it  comes  from  the 
Antiguan  or  Anguillan  horizon  is  not  known. 


• 


Physical  Sciences  Library 

DATE  DUE 


Phys.Sci. 

QE783   Jackson,  Robert  T. 


Fossil  Echini  of  the 
West  Indies. 


Phys.Sci. 

^783   Jackson,  "otert  T. 
S2J8 

1922    Fossil  Echini  of  the 
West  Indies. 


fi 


Physical  Sciences  Library 

University  of  California 

Riverside 


